Inst.  Indus. 

Relations 


UNITED  51  ATE- 


DESCRIPTIONS  OF  OCCU?ATK)NS 


METAL  WORKING 
BUILDING  AND  GENERAL  CONSTRUCT! 
RAILROAD  TKANSPORTATK>N 
SHIPBUILDING 


^ 


THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


UNITED  STATES  DEPARTMENT  OF  LABOR 


DESCRIPTIONS  OF  OCCUPATIONS 


METAL  WORKING 

BUILDING  AND  GENERAL  CONSTRUCTION 

RAILROAD  TRANSPORTATION 

SHIPBUILDING 


PREPARED  FOR  THE 

UNITED  STATES  EMPLOYMENT  SERVICE 

BY  THE 

UNITED  STATES  BUREAU  OF  LABOR  STATISTICS 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING   OFFICE 

1918 


INDEX 


Pago 

Accountant,  road   department 92 

Acetylene  gas  compressor  and  welding  shop  foreman 11 

Acetylene  gas  compressor  operator 11 

Acetylene   generator   tender 11 

Acme  automatic  screw  machine  hand 35 

Acme  automatic  screw  machine  operator 37 

Acme  automatic  screw  machine  setter 39 

Acme  screw  machine  hand,  hand  machine. 36 

Acme  screw  machine  operator,  hand  machine 38 

Acme  screw  machine  setter,  hand  machine 39 

Agent,  station.     {See  Station  agent.) 

Agent,  transfer  station 92 

Air  Bleeder.     {See  Helper,  railway  shop.) 

Air-brake    man,   car 92 

Air-brake  test-room  inspector.     {See  Inspector,  air-brake  test 

room.) 

Anglesmith  -i 

Anglesmith.  heavy  fires.     {See  Frame  bender.) 

Apprentice,  track  foreman.    {See  Track  foreman,  apprentice.) 

Architect,  marine 116 

Architectural  draftsman 64 

Assistant.     {See  under  specific  occupations:  Engineer;  Road 

foreman;  Signal  maintainer;  Station  master;  Yardmaster.) 

Axman . 88 

B 

Backhander.     {See  Blacksmith's  helper.) 

Baggage  checker 93 

Baggageman,  train 93 

Baggage  master.     {See  Baggageman,  train.) 
Ballast  inspector.     {Sec  Inspector,  liallast.) 

Bench  hand,  carpenter  shop 54 

Bench  hand,  office  appliance  machines 30 

Bench  hand,  on  such  work  as  auto  parts  and  gas  engines 30 

Bench  lathe  hand 33 

Bending  machine  hand 4 

Benfling  roll  hand 16 

Bitumastic  applior 116 

Blacksmith,  foreman 4 

Blacksmith,  general 5 

Blacksmith,  general  repair  work  and  horseshoeing 5 

V 


VIII  INDEX 

l)i('  malcin-   (experienced  in  making  forming  dies  for  small 
tiuvs,  stock  boxes,  helmets,  crank  cases,  and  large  cartridge 

sh('lls) 42 

Die  iiKiUcr.  <r<'iH'niI 4-2 

Dicsinki'i',  art  and  tableware 43 

Diesinker  for  die-casting  dies 42 

Dicsiiiker  for  foi'ging  dies 42 

•Dispatcher,  locomotive.     {See  Engine  dispatcher.) 

I)i\  ision  engineer 97 

Drai'tsnian.     (/6'6'6' Kailroad  shop  draftsman.) 

I  )raw  tender 97 

Di-illcr  and  countersinker,  or  drill  press  hand  in  ship  shed  or 

holier  shop 18 

Driller  and  reamer,  portable,  outside 118 

Drill  press  hand 31 

Drill  press  hand,  geared  or  radial  drill 31 

Drill  press  hand,  sensitive  drill 32 

E 

I'"l('(tri('  arc  welder  hand 11 

Inject ric  arc  welder  operator 12 

Klfctrician,  rhief.  ship 118 

I'.leclric  spot  welder  hand 12 

Electric  sjKit  Avelder  operator 12 

Electroplater,  foreman 44 

Elevator  constructor,  electric  elevator 67 

Elevator  constructor,  foreman 67 

P^devator  constructor,  hydraulic 67 

Engine  cleaner.     {See  Helper,  railway  shop.) 

Engine  dispatcher 97 

Engineer,  assistant  (maintenance  of  way) 97 

Engineer,  marine 119 

Engineer,  road  construction 98 

Engineer,  terminal  construction 1 98 

Engine  lathe  hand,  16-inch  and  over 33 

Engine  lathe  hand,  under  16-inch 33 

EngintMiian  and  fireman  (portable  outfit) 68 

Engineman,  chief,  power  house 68 

Engineman,  gas,  oil,  or  gasoline  engine 68 

Engineman,  gasoline  locomotive 69,98 

Engineman,  large  steam  power  plant  operator 69 

Engineman,  marine . 69 

Engineman,  portable 70 

Engineman,  refrigeration 70 

Engineman,  stationary,  steam .' 70 

Engineman,  steam  locomotive 71,98 

Engineman,  watch,  power  house 71 

Erector  leader 119 

External  grinder  hand 32 

F 

Fellows  gear  shaper  hand 34 

Fireman,  chief,  power  house 72 

Fireman,  large  coal  fire 6 


INDEX  IX 

Page 

Fireman,  locomotive 72,99 

Fireman,  marine  boiler 72 

Fireman,  portable  boiler 72- 

Fireman's  helper 73 

Fireman,  stationary  boiler 73 

Flagman  and  gateman,  crossing 99 

Flange  turner 18 

Floor  hand 32 

Flue  setter,  locomotive 18 

Flue  welder G,  18 

Foreman.  (See  iin/fer  specific  occupatioiiK:  Bridge  crew; 
Carpenter's  crew ;  Freight  house  foreman ;  General  foreman, 
locomotive  output  departments;  Painter's  crew;  Pole  setter; 
Eoad  foreman;  Road  foreman,  assistant;  Section  foreman.) 

Forger,  drop  and  die  forging 7 

Forger,  heavy  forgings 7 

Forging-machine  hand;  2  to  4  inch  Ajax  or  Acme  machine 7 

Forging-mncliine  hand ;  4  to  6  inch  Ajax  or  Acme  machine 7 

Foundry  helper  and  laborer 24 

Foundryman,  foreman 24 

Frame  bender * 7 

Freight  caller 100 

Freight  checker.     {See  Freight  tallyman.) 
Freight  handler.     {See  Freight  trucker.) 

Freight  house  foreman 100 

Freight  tallyman 100 

Freight  trucker 100 

Furnace  man,  annealer,  and  heat  treater,  foreman 14 

P^irnace  man  or  heater 8 

Furnace  man,  slab  furnace 8 

G 

Galvanizer 44 

Gang  lender 100 

Gas  welder,  foreman,  repair  work 12 

Gas  welder  hand,  repair  work 13 

Gauge  grinder  hand 32 

Gauge  maker 43 

General  foreman,  locomotive  output  departments 100 

Gisholt  turret  lathe  hand 37 

(xlazier    7.") 

Gleason's  gear  shaper  hand 34 

Goidd  &  Eberhardt  gear  shaper  hand •  34 

Granite  cutter 40 

Gridley  automatic  screw  machine  hand 3fi 

Gridley  automatic  screw  machine  operator _  37 

(xridley  automatic  screw  machine  setter 39 

Gridley  .screw  macliine  hand,  hand  machine 36 

Gridley  screw  machine  operator,  hand  machine 3!-» 

Gridley  screw  machine  setter,  hand  machine 39 

Grinder,  rough  emery,  welding  shop  and  foundry 13,2.") 

Ground  man,  foreman.     {See  Pole  setter,  foreman.) 

Group   leader   101 


XII  INDEX 

New  I'>iit!iiii  iiiitoiiiatic  screw  machine  setter 39 

New  I'litaiii  screw  miicliine  hand,  hand  machine .3f) 

New  lii-ilain  screw  machine  operator,  hand  macliin(i 38 

New  Hiitain  screw  machirie  setter,  hand  machine 39 

Niter   bhier 45 

0 

OiKsottinf;  machine  hand 19 

Oiler,  pow'er  house 73 

Ornamental  iron  worker 52 

Oxvacetylene  burner,  bench  or  ground  work 13 

Oxyacetylene  burner,  scaffold  work 13 

P 

Packer 120 

I'ainter,  automobile  or  carriage 75 

Painter,  general 75 

Painter's  crew  foreman 101 

Painter,  sign 75 

Painter,  sign  letterer 76 

Painter,  structural  steel  and  bridge  work 76 

Paint  mixer 76 

Paper  hanger , 76 

Paper  hanger's  helper 77 

Parcel  room  attendant 104 

Parquetry  floor  layer 59 

Pattern  maker,  metal 26 

Pattern  maker's  helper  or  apprentice,  metal 27 

Pattern  maker's  helper  or  apprentice,  wood 27 

Pattern  maker,  wood 27 

Pile  driver,  operator 61 

Pipe  coverer 78 

Pipe   fitter,   ammonia 78 

Pipe  fitter,  foreman 79 

Pipe  fitter,  journeyman 79 

Pipe  fitter,  locomotive 79,105 

Pipe  fitter,  outside 79 

Pipe  fitter's  helper 80 

Pipe  fitter,  sprinkler  systems___ 80 

Pipe  layer,  trench,  foreman F^O 

Pipe  layer,  trench,  journeyman 81 

Planer  and  scarfer,  or  planer  hand  in  boiler  shop 19 

Planer  hand  on  planers  over  36-inch  cross  head 35 

Planer  hand  on  planers  up  to  36-inch  cross  head 35 

Plasterer,  journeyman 50 

Plasterer's  helper  or  apprentice 50 

Plate  hanger 121 

Plate  shed  or  ship  shed  foreman 121 

Plumber,  foreman 81 

Plumber,  journeyman 81 

Plumber,   marine 82, 121 

Plumbers  helper 82 


INDEX  XU [ 

Pase 

Pole  setter,  foreman  (electric  light  and  signal  lines) 105 

Police  captain,  railway  service 105 

Policeman    105 

Porter,  Pullman 106 

Porter,  station  106 

Potter  &  Johnston  turret  lathe  hand 37 

Pumper 106 

Pump  man.  small  pumps,  Avatering  stations 106 

Pump  repair  man 106 

Puncher,  or  punch  press  hand 20,86 

Punch  press  hand  on  punchings  and  stampings  similar  to  those 
made  in  the  manufacture  of  typewriters,  adding  machines, 

and  comptometers 35 

Punch  press  hand  on  work  similar  to  that  made  up  for  gen- 
eral automobile  parts,  crank  cases,  and  all  general  heavy 

punching  and  drawing  work 35 

Punch  press  operator  on  work  similar  to  that  made  up  for 
general  automobile  parts,  crank  cases,  and  all  general  heavy 

punching  and  drawing  work 38 

Punch  press  operator,  punchings  and  stampings  similar  to 
those  made  in  the  manufactui'e  of  typewriters,  adding  ma- 
chines,  and   comptometers 38 

R 

Railroad  shop  draftsman 65,106 

Reinforced  concrete  draftsman 65 

Repair  man,  general  machine  repair 41 

Repair  man,  machine  tool  repair 41 

Repair  man,  powerhouse 74 

Resident  engineer.  (See  Engineer,  road  construction;  Engi- 
neer, terminal  construction.) 

Rigger,  bridge  and  structural 62 

Rigger,  heavy  machiner}^ 62 

Rigger,  ship 121 

Riveter,  hand 20,52 

Riveter,  pneumatic 20, 53 

Rivet  heater 20, 53 

Road  department  accountant.  {See  Accountant,  road  depart- 
ment. ) 

Road   foreman 107 

Road  foreman,  assistant 107 

Roadmaster.     (See  Division  engineer.) 

Rodnum   (surveyor's  assistant) 80 

Roofer,  composition 84 

Roofer,  slate  and  tile 84 

S 

Sailmaker 121 

Sander.     (See  Helper,  railway  shop.) 

Sawyer,  metal  shop 20 

Scale  agent 107 

Scale  inspector.     (Sec  Inspector,  scale.) 


XIV  INDEX 

I  'it  XO 

Screw  iiiiichinc  liaiul,  liaiid  and  automatic  machines 35 

Section  foreman 107 

Shaper  hand 3^ 

Shear   hand    (hoih'r   shop,   hhicksmith   shop,   or    plate   shed 

fjroiip) 9,21 

Sheet  metal  layont  man  and  pattern  developer HC) 

Sheet  metal  worker,  building  trades 86 

Sheet  metal  worker,  metal  from  16  to  10  gauge 86 

Sjiip  and  boat  draftsman  (hull  draftsman) 66,122 

Ship  htter 122 

Shop  router 46 

Signal  fitter ^ 108 

Signal    foreman 108 

Signal  helper lOS 

Signal   inspector 108 

Signal  lamp  man 108 

Signal  maintrtiner 108 

Signal  maintainer,  assistant 109 

Signal  repair  man 109 

Signal    supervisor 109 

Signal  wi reman 109 

Slotter  hand 34 

Solderer  and  brazer,  gas  and  acetylene  torch 13 

Spring  maker 9 

Stair  builder _ 59 

Station  agent 109 

Station  attendant _  109 

Station  master 110 

Station  master,  assistant.     {See  Station  master.) 

Steam  fitter,  foreman 82 

Steam  fitter,  journeyman 83 

Steam  fitter,  marine 83,  122 

Steam  fitter's  helper 83 

Steam-shovel  man  (boom  or  scoop  shovel) 62 

Steam-shovel  man  (clamshell  or  drop-bottom  type  of  bucket).  63 

Steeple  jack T7 

Steinle  turret  lathe  hand 1_ —  37 

Stock  chaser 47 

Stonecutter 50 

Stone  setter 50 

Storekeeper,  road  department  division 110 

Structural  draftsman 66 

Supervising  ugent__^ 110 

Supervisor,  bridges  and  buildings 110 

Supervisor,  track.     (On  some  roads  this  position  is  called 

roadmaster) 111 

Supervisor,  water  stations 111 

Surface  grinder  hand 32 

Surveyor,  general 89 

Surveyor,  highway 89 

Surveyor,  mine 90 

Surveyor,  railroad 90 

Surveyor,  topographical 90 

Surveyor,  topographical  photographic 91 


INDEX  XV 

Pag'' 

Surveyor,  topographical  triangulator 91 

Switchman.     {See  Brakeman,  yard.) 

Switch  tender,  yard 111 

T 

Tank  tester 123 

Telegrapher 111 

Telephone  and  telegraph  maintainer,     {JSee  Telephone   and 
telegraph  repairman.) 

Telephone  and  telegraph  repair  man 112 

Template  maker 123 

Thermite  welder 14 

Thermostat  man 83 

Ticket  clerk 112 

Ticket  collector.     (/See  Train  ticket  collector.) 

Ticket  examiner 112 

Tile  layer 51 

Tinsmith 87 

Tool  and  cutter  grinder  hand 32 

Tool  designer 23 

Tool  dresser  (quarry,  mine,  or  well-drilling  crew) 10 

Topographical  field  assistant 91 

Towerman.     (See  Leverman.) 

Tracer 23 

Track  foreman,  apprentice 112 

Track  supervisor.     (See  Supervisor,  track.) 

Track  watchman 113 

Train  caller 113 

Train  director 113 

Train  dispatcher 113 

Train  gateman.     (See  Ticket  examiner.) 

Trainman.     (See  Brakeman  and  flagman,  passenger  train.) 

Train  ticket  collector 113 

Transfer  agent.     (See  Agent,  transfer  station.) 

Turret-lathe  hand 36 

V 

Varnisher  and  wood  finisher 77 

W 

Waiter 113 

Warehouseman  114 

Warner  &  Swasey  automatic  screw  machine  hand 36 

Warner  &  Swasey  automatic  screw  machine  operator 37 

Warner  &  Swasey  automatic  screw  machine  setter 39 

AVarner  &  Swasey  screw  machine  hand,  hand  machine BC) 

Warner  &  Swasey  screw  machine  operator,  hand  machine 38 

Warner  &  Swasey  screw  machine  setter,  hand  machine 30 

Watchman   — — 114 

Watchman,  engine  house.    (See  Helper,  railway  shop.) 
Watchman,  track.     (See  Track  watchman.) 


XVI  f>'DEX 

We ifjli master  or  weif^hinan 114 

Wei!  driller   (ilomcstic  water  supply) 03 

Well  driller  (oil,  gas,  and  artesian) 03 

Wood  linislier.     {Sec.  Varnislier  and  wood  linisher.) 

Woodwoi'ker,  machine,  general 59 

Y 

Yard  hrakcman.     {See  Brakeman,  yard.) 
'^'ard  foreman.     {See  Conductor,  yard.) 

Yardmastcr 114 

Yardmaster's  assistant 1 14 


CODE  WORDS 


Code  word. 


Page. 


Code  word. 


Page. 


Code  word. 


Page. 


Abjss. 

Acid .  . 

Acme. 

Acorn. 

Acrid.. 

Actor . 

Acute. 

Adapt 

Adder. 

Addle. 

Adieu . 

Admit. 

Adopt 

Adult. 

Adz... 

Ague . . 

Badly 
Baff.. 
Baffy. 
Bagot. 
Baize . 
Baked. 
Band. 
Beach. 
Beck. . 
Bed.. 
Beet.. 
Begin . 
Being. 
Belle. . 
Belt.., 
Best.. 
Bevel  - 
Bias . . 
Bill... 
Bind... 
Birch . 
Bird . . 
Bison . 
Bite  - . 
Black . 
Blade . 


54, 


4 
11 
11 
11 
64 
88 
116 
35 
36 
37 
38 
39 
39 
92 
92 
92 

94 

48 

52 

48 

48 

52 

85 

4 

30 

4 

5 

5 

5 

6 

6 

54 

117 

54 

116 

116 

117 

16 

16 

16 

17 

17 


Blank. 

Blast . 

Blaze . 

Bleak. 

Bleed . 

Bless . 

Blind. 

Blink. 

Bloom 

Blue.. 

Board. 

Boast. 

Body. 

Bogus. 

Bod.. 

Bolt.. 

Bound 

Bower 

Charm 

Chart . 

Cheap. 

Cheat . 

Check. 

Cheer . 

Chef.. 

Chess . 

Chest. 

Chick. 

Chide. 

Chief. 

Child. 

Chill.. 

Chin.. 

China . 

Chink. 

Chip.- 

Chirp. 

Chive . 

Choir. 

Chore . 

Chub . 

Chuck. 


18 
30 
31 
31 
33 
35 
36 
34 
37 
38 
39 
39 
93 
93 
93 
93 
93 
94 

6 
14 
64 
85 
88 
60 
60 
61 
78 
55 
55 
55 
56 
56 

56,  117 

57,  118 

57 

57 

117 

117 

118 

11,24 

24 

24 


Churn. 

Chute. 

Cider.. 

Cigar  . 

Cinch . 

Civil. - 

Claim. 

Clan.. 

Clang. 

Clank. 

Clap.. 

Clash. 

Clasp . 

Class  . 

Clay  . 

Clean . 

Cowry 

Crab.. 

Crag.. 

Cream 

Creed. 

Cross . 

Crown, 

Crude. 


Dale.. 
Damp 
Dance . 
Dandy. 
Darby . 
Dare  . . 
Dark.. 
Dart.. 
Dash.. 
Date  . . 
Da  tor. 
Daub . . 
Daunt. 
Dawn. . 
Day... 
Daze . . 
Dazed . 
Deaf. . . 


36 
37 
38 
39 
39 
94 
95 
95 
96 
96 
96 
96 
96 
96 
95 
95 
48 
94 
88 
89 
55,94 
95 
60 
35 

42 

61 

118 

18 

n       22 

■h  >  31 

,  35 

■1  36 

"v^  37 

7'':  38 

'>  ■•  39 

1  39 

'■■  ^'  42 

■<i :  42 

'^#     97 
'■^l  ft   43 


87064—18- 


XVii 


xvni 


CODE  WOBDS. 


Codo  word. 

Pago. 

Codo  word. 

Page. 

Code  word. 

Page. 

T>m\ 

42 

Feast 

18 

Index 

28 

Ddiin 

42 

Feed 

24 

Inert 

101 

I)(1(U' 

31 

Feel 

34 

Infer 

101 

l)(uvy 

97 

Fern 

99 

Ingot 

102 

Ferry .' . . 

100 

Ink... 

102 

El)l) 

11 

Fetch 

100 

Inker 

102 

lOhoiiy 

12 

Feud 

100 

Inlay 

101 

Echo 

12 

Film 

32 

Inlet 

102 

lOrlut 

68 

First 

72 

Eddy 

68 

Fish 

73 

Jack 

58 

Edge 

69,98 

Flask 

24 

Jade 

58,119 

Edict 

69 

Flaw. 

100 

Jam 

34 

Edify 

70 

it  '!« 

Jap 

37 

Edit 

70 

Gaunt 

12 

Jar 

43 

Eol --- 

70 

Gauze 

13 

Jaw 

103 

Egg 

71,98 

Gay 

13,25 

Ego 

118 

Gaze 

44 

Lash. 

9 

Egret 

119 

Gazed . 

32 

Lass 

119 

Elect 

E^e 

44 

Gear 

34 

Lasso 

120 

32 

Gem 

34 

Last-. 

120 

Elan. 

33 

Gent 

36 

Latch 

37 

Elate 

33 

Ghost. 

36 

Late 

41 

Elfin 

97 

1  Giant 

37 

Laugh 

103 

Ember 

119 

i  Gibe 

37 

Lava 

103 

Envy 

97 

Giddy 

38 

Law 

103 

Erect 

67 

Gift 

39 

Leash 

103 

Err 

98 

Gill 

43 

Least 

49 

Erred 

67 

Gilt 

75- 

Leave . 

49 

Error 

67 

Gipsy 

100 

Led 

74 

Erupt  

12 

Girl 

100 

Ledge 

73 

Essay 

98 

Girth 

101 

Legal 

103 

Etch 

68 

Glean 

49 

Ether 

71 

Glib 

39 

Manly 

9 

Event 

69 

Manna 

64 

Half 

8 

Manor 

65.120 

False 

6 

Hall 

8 

Many 

65 

6,18 

Halo 

15 

Maple 

58 

Fan 

7 

Halt 

15 

Mar 

58 

Fancy 

7 

Halve 

15 

March 

'        58 

Far 

7 

Ham 

15 

Mare 

19 

Farce 

7 

Hand 

61 

Mark 

25 

Fare 

7 

Handy 

19 

Marry 

25 

Farm 

8 

Hang 

19 

Marsh 

26 

Fast 

8 

Hard 

101 

Mart 

26 

Fat 

14 

Harsh 

8 

Mash 

26 

Fate 

72,99 

Mason 

45 

Fault 

72 

Idler 

28 

Mass 

46 

Faun 

72 

Idly 

28 

Mast 

22 

Favor 

73 

ildol 

32 

Mat 

23 

Fear 

18 

,  Image 

102 

Match 

29 

INDEX. 


XIX 


Code  word. 

Page. 

Mate 

29 

Mater 

29. 

Maul 

34 

Mauve 

34 

Maw 

37 

May 

37 

Maze 

39 

Mend 

104 

Mercy 

104 

Merit 

46 

Mess 

33 

Mince 

85 

Mind 

50 

Minus 

49 

Mire 

104 

Mirth 

44 

Miser 

38 

Name 

45 

Nap 

36 

Nasal 

36 

Nat 

37 

Natal 

38 

Naval 

39 

Navj- 

39 

Oath 

13  1 

Obey 

19  j 

Often 

52 

Ogre 

13 

Onion 

73 

Patch 

61 

Pate 

78 

Paten 

78  : 

Path 

79 

Patty 

79 

Pause 

79, 105 

Pave 

79 

Pawn 

80     ; 

Pay 

80 

Pea 

81 

Peace 

81 

Peach 

82,121 

Peak 

82 

Pear 

121 

Pearl 

19 

Pease 

20,86 

Peat 

26 

Peck 

27 

.Code  word. 


Pedal. 

Peel.. 

Peer. . 

Peg... 

Pekan. 

Pelt... 

Pen... 

Penal . 

Pence . 

Phlox. 

Phone. 

Photo. 

Piano. 

Pick.. 

Plate.. 

Plot.. 

Plug.. 

Plum.. 

Plush. 

Ply... 

Poach. 

Pod... 

Poet.. 

Point.. 

Poise . . 

Poke. . 

Polar. . 

Pole... 

Polka . . 

Poor . . . 

Port... 

Pound . 

Power.. 

Pump. . 


Racer . 
Ram.. 
Ramie . 
Rand. 
Range. 
Rank. 
Rap . . 
Rapid. 
Rare. . 
Rash . . 
Ratio. 
Rave . . 
React - 
Read.. 
Ready. 
Ream. 


Page. 

27 

27 
35 
37 
75 
75 
76 
76 
76 
104 
.    106 
106 
105 
106 
35 
38 
35 
106 
38 
106 
121 
50 
50 
59 
80 
81 
76 
75 
77 
105 
120 
35 
104 
105 

121 

65,  106 

65 

89 

62 

62 

20,52 

20,53 

20,53 

41 

107 

107 

84 

84 

74 

41 


Code  word. 


Sear. . 

Seat . . 

Sect. . 

Sedge . 

Seed. 

Seep . 

Seine. 

Seize. 

Selah. 

Self... 

Sell... 

I  Send.. 

II  Senna. 
'!  Sense. 

j  Serf.. . 
Serge . 
Serve . 

I  Set 

i  Sew.. . 

I  Sewer. 

1  Shad.. 

■  Shade. 

i  Shaft. 

,  Shape. 

Share - 

Sharp . 

Shave. 

Sheaf. 

Shear . 

Shed. . 

Sheen . 

Sheep . 

Shoal. 

Siege.. 

Sieve.. 

Sift... 

Sigh.. 

Silk... 

Silva. . 

Since.. 

Siren.. 

Slave . . 

Slay . . . 

Slur.... 

Slush . . 

Smack . 

Smonr.. 

Smirk. . 

Smite. . 

Snag. . . 

Sneer . . 


Page. 

9 
13 
66,  122 
66 
86 
86 
62 
63 
82 
82 
83,  122 
83 
59 
121 
122 
20 
32 
34 
36 
37 
46 
47 
77 
107 
107 
110 
111 
108 
108 
109 
109 
110 
35 
89 
89 
90 
90 
90 
91 
91 
9,21 
86 
110 
50 
110 
111 
111 
108 
108 
108 
108 


XX 


CODE    WOKDS. 


Code  word. 

Snuff 

Soap 

Sohor 

Soda 

Soil 

Tax 

Taxes 

Toa. 

Toach 

Teak 

Tease 

Tend 

Tenor 

Tense 

Tent 


Page. 


109 
50 
lO'J 
lOU 
109 

10 
14 
87 
91 
51 
83 
123 
23 
23 
32 


Code  word. 

Thank... 

That 

Thaw 

Theft... 
Theme . . 
Throw . . 
Thyme.. 

Tiara 

Torn 

Towel. . . 
Trade-- . 
Trick '.... 

Vail 

Waist 


I'age. 

Codi!  word. 

Page. 

112 

Wait.  - 

63 

113  1 

Waive. 

59 

113 

Wake 

36 

113 

Waken 

36 

112 

Walk 

37 

36 

Wall 

38 

113 

Wand 

39 

112 

Wane 

39 

112 

Ward 

113 

123 

Ware 

114 

111 

Warn 

114 

113 

Weary 

114 

77 

Yacht 

114 

63 

Yak 

114 

DESCRIPTIONS  OF  OCCUPATIONS:  METAL  WORKING,  BUILD- 
ING AND  GENERAL  CONSTRUCTION,  RAILROAD  TRANS- 
PORTATION, AND  SHIPBUILDING 

PREPARED  FOR  THE   U.    S.   EMPLOYMENT    SERVICE   P,Y   THE   U.   S.    EUREAT   OF 

LABOR    STATISTICS 

INTRODUCTORY  STATEMENT 

These  descriptions  of  occupations  are  based  on  investigations,  in- 
cluding private  interviews  and  correspondence,  extending  over  prac- 
tically the  entire  United  States. 

The  one  outstanding  fact  coming  from  this  investigation  is  that 
there  are  no  standard  or  generally  accepted  occupational  names  or 
definitions.  It  has,  therefore,  been  necessary  for  the  Bureau  of 
Labor  Statistics  to  define  certain  occupational  terms  and  classifica- 
tions and  to  assume  the  acceptance  of  these  definitions  by  those  using 
the  occupational  descriptions  herein  contained.  The  bureau  is  fully 
aware  of  the  fact  that  some  important  occupations  have  probably 
been  omitted  and  that  in  some  cases  subdivisions  may  have  been 
carried  too  far.  These  faults  can  be  corrected  only  by  suggestions 
and  criticism  arising  from  use  of  the  descriptions  in  filling  jobs. 
The  users  of  these  descriptions  are  urged  to  send  to  the  Bureau 
of  Labor  Statistics  all  suggestions  and  criticisms  as  they  arise  so 
that  eventually  there  will  be  developed  a  national  standard  of  occu- 
pational descriptions. 

Acknowledgment 

The  Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics  wishes  to  thank  all  those  who  have 
contributed  to  the  compilation  of  the  occupational  descriptions  herein 
contained.  So  many  individuals  and  representatives  of  boards,  so- 
cieties, and  corporations  have  been  consulted  that  it  is  impossible  to 
make  special  mention  of  such  services. 

The  bureau,  however,  wishes  to  state  that  it  has  used  wholly  and 
in  part  many  of  the  occupational  descriptions  contained  in  the 
"Trade  Specifications  and  Occupational  Index  of  the  United  States 
Army,"  written  and  compiled  by  John  J.  Swan,  M.  E.,  for  the  Com- 
mittee on  Classification  of  Personnel  in  the  Army.  For  this  privi- 
lege the  Bureau  of  Labor  Statis-tics  wishes  to  thank  the  committee 
and  Lieut.  Col.  vSwan. 

1 


PREFATORY  STATEMENT 

IMPORTANT 

The  object  of  these  descriptions  is  to  fttrnirh  definitions  of  the  various  occu- 
pations in  the  industries,  so  that  specifications  for  labor  may  be  made  uniform, 
and  also  to  furnish  a  means  by  which  the  prospective  employee  may  be  in- 
formed as  to  the  nature  of  the  work  he  will  be  expected  to  do. 

The  descriptions  herein  contained  must  not  in  any  case  be  interpreted  as  in 
any  way  affecting  wage  agreements  eit'.ier  in  industries  controlled  by  the 
Government  or  by  private  interests. 

If  Government  departments  or  boards,  private  individuals,  organizations,  or 
corporations  choose  to  accept  any  or  all  of  these  definitions  and  descriptions 
as  a  basis  for  wage  adjustments,  then  that  is  wholly  a  matter  for  agreement 
between  the  parties  concerned. 

The  Department  of  Labor  in  working  out  and  promulgating  these  tentative 
descriptions  is  concerned  only  in  accurately  stating  w^hat  each  occupation  re- 
quires in  the  way  of  performance  and  qualifications.  Furthermore,  the  ac- 
ceptance of  a  position  under  any  definition  or  description  herein  contained  in 
no  way  implies  that  the  qualifications  of  the  individual  accepting  the  position 
described  is  limited  to  the  qualifications  enumerated. 

Each  occupation  has  been  described  under  the  most  generally  accepted  title, 
or  in  cases  where  terms  are  indefinite,  conflicting,  or  ambiguous,  occupation 
names  have  been  chosen  with  the  view  of  bringing  about  an  occupational  ter- 
minology which  shall  be  uniform  and  definite.  The  descriptions  in  each  in- 
dustry or  group  have  been  carefully  prepared  with  the  view  of  stating  clearly 
and  briefly  what  is  required,  so  that  a  foreman  can  specify  definitely  the  posi- 
tion to  be  filled  and  the  employment  superintendent  or  clerk  can  readily  pick 
the  worker  best  fitted  to  fill  the  position  in  question.  These  descriptions  have 
been  submitted  for  criticisms  and  suggestions  to  employers  and  employees 
thoroughly  acquainted  with  the  occupations  in  each  industrial  group.  After 
revision  in  the  light  of  such  criticisms  it  is  believed  that  the  descriptions  are 
satisfactory. 

A  separate  occupation  has  been  made  only  in  case  a  distinction  is  evident 
in  the  kind  or  size  of  work,  in  the  tools  or  materials  used,  or  in  the  physical 
conditions  \inder  which  the  work  is  done. 

It  is  undesirable  to  subdivide  any  described  occupation  by  the  designations, 
expert,  first  class,  second  class,  and  third  class.  Where  an  evident  difference 
in  grade  or  kind  of  work  exits  this  difference  has  been  recognized  by  the  use 
of  a  distinct  occupational  name  and  description. 

There  are  so  many  conditions  entering  into  the  length  of  time  required  to 
master  a  given  occupation  that  reference  to  such  time  has  practically  no  value 
as  a  measure  of  competence.  Therefore,  all  reference  to  time  of  service  has 
been  left  out  of  these  descriptions. 

The  statement  of  school  requirements,  under  the  subheading  of  "  School- 
ing "  does  not  have  reference  to  those  already  in  the  industry  but  should  be 
interpreted  to  mean  that  no  one  should  enter  the  industry  as  an  apprentice 
or   learner   at  the  present   time  without  having   the   equivalent   of  the   stated 


PREFATORY   STATEMENT  3 

schooling.  When  the  term  common  school  is  used  it  means  that  to  fulfill  the 
requirements  of  the  occupation  described  the  applicant  must  have  completed 
the  common  school  and  be  prepared  to  enter  the  high  school. 

Directions  for  using  descriptions  and  code  words 

The  ALL-ROUND  JOURNEYMAN  is  defined  as  one  who  has  acquired  a  work- 
ing knowledge  of  all  the  fundamentals  cf  his  trade  and  is  able  to  apply  these 
fundamentals  under  the  varying  conditions  of  different  shops  and  different 
localities.     See  MACHINIST.  JOURNEYMAN  OR  ALL-ROUND,  page  39. 

The  term  "  HAND  "  used  in  connection  with  the  name  of  any  machine  or 
kind  of  work  means  one  who  has  a  complete  mastery  of  all  machine  and  other 
operations  connected  with  the  given  machine  or  designated  kind  of  work. 
For  example:  PLANER  HAND,  SHAPER  HAND,  DRILL  PRESS  HAND,  refer 
to  workers  who  can  do  all  standard  work  on  the  specified  machines.  See  MA- 
CHINE HAND  GROUP,  page  29.  The  BENCH  HAND  can  do  all  kinds  of  work 
known  as  bench  work.     See  BENCH  HAND,  page  30. 

The  term  OPERATOR,  used  in  connection  with  the  name  of  any  machine, 
means  one  whose  knowledge  and  experience  is  limited  to  special  operations 
on  the  specified  machine.     See  MACHINE  OPERATOR,  page  37. 

The  word  ASSEMBLER,  used  in  connection  with  any  occupational  descrip- 
tion, signifies  one  with  a  knowledge  of  the  kind  of  assembling  specified,  or 
that  the  special  training  necessary  will  be  given  by  the  employer.  See 
MACHINE  ASSEMBLER,  page  29.  See  also  MACHINE  ERECTOR  and  MACHINE 
FITTER,  page  29. 

The  term  MACHINE  SETTER  means  one  fully  qualified  to  set  up  the  speci- 
fied machine  to  do  any  standard  work  doable  on  that  machine.  See  MACHINE 
SETTER,  page  38. 

If  a  worker  is  wanted  who  has  training  sufficient  to  do  the  work  in  any 
two  or  more  occupations  described  the  code  words  of  these  occupations  should 
be  combined  into  one  word  to  indicate  the  combination  of  qualifications.  For 
example:  The  code  word  designating  a  DIE  MAKER  and  JIG  AND  FIXTURE 
MAN  (see  pages  42  and  43)  would  be  DAWN-JAR;  for  a  CABINET  MAKER  AND 
JOINER  (see  pages  55  and  58)  would  be  CHICK-JACK. 

INDEX:   In  order  to  find  any  occupational  description  always  use  the  index. 

CODE  WORDS  (see  CODE  WORDS) :  Each  occupational  description  has  a  code 
word  which,  when  communicated  to  any  person  having  access  to  these  de- 
scriptions of  occupations  will  enable  him  to  know  exactly  what  is  called  for  by 
referring  to  the  description  indicated  by  the  code  word. 


METAL-WORKING  INDUSTRIES 
BLACKSMITH-SHOP  GROUP 

[For  explanation  of  "  hand  "  as  used  herein  see  prefatory   statement  and   directions 
for  using  descriptions  and  code  words,  pages  2  and  3.] 

BLACKSMITHING 

Note. — It  is  desirable  that  all  those  engaged  in  blacksmithing  be  familiar 
with  gas  and  electric  welding. 

ANGLESMITH  ABYSS 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  anglesmith  are  to  shape  such  work  as  metal 

frames  for  tanks,  doors,  and  windows, 
ftualifications:  The  anglesmith  bends  and  welds  short  lengths  and  light 
angular  shapes  fi'om  flat-iron,  channel-iron,  and  tee-iron  stock;  must  be 
able  to  work  from  drawings,  patterns,  or  templates,  and  with  coal, 
coke,  oil,  or  gas  fires.  He  must  direct  the  work  of  heaters,  banders,  and 
helpers.  It  is  desirable  that  he  be  able  to  do  oxyacetylene,  electric-arc, 
and  spot  welding  on  this  class  of  work.  He  should  have  good  health  and 
physical  strength  and  at  least  an  equivalent  of  an  apprenticeship  in  the 
anglesmith  trade. 
Schooling:  Common  school,  preferably  high  school. 

ANGLESMITH,  HEAVY  FIRES.     (See  Frame  bender.) 

BACKHANDER.     (See  Blacksmith's  helper.) 

BENDING-MACHINE  HAND  BEACH 

Description:  The  bending-machine  hand  runs  a  bending  machine,  usually 
under  compressed-air  power,  for  the  shaping,  hot  or  cold,  of  small  pieces, 
such  as  pipe  clamps,  angle  braces,  and  general  small  forgings. 
Qualifications:  The  bending-machine  hand  must  know  the  name,  care,  and 
use  of  the  principal  parts  of  his  machine.  He  must  be  able  to  set  up  and 
adjust  all  tools  and  dies.  He  must  understand  coke,  coal,  oil,  and  gas 
fires.  Must  be  able  to  direct  the  work  of  helpers.  He  must  be  physi- 
cally strong  and  able  to  endure  heat. 

BLACKSMITH,  FOREMAN  BED 

Description:  The  blacksmith's  foreman  makes  and  supervises  the  making 
of  light  and  medium-size  forgings  and  does  general  anvil  work  on  pro- 
duction and  repairs.  He  also  does  hardening,  tempering,  and  annealing, 
including  the  high-speed  steels. 
Qualifications:  The  foreman  blacksmith  must  be  able  to  make  from  draw- 
ings or  samples  any  medium-size  or  light  forgings.  do  bending,  drawing, 
upsetting,  and  welding  of  all  grades  of  iron  and  steel,  including  tool  steel. 
He  must  be  able  to  do  oil,  air,  and  water  tempering.  He  must  be  able 
to  work  with  coal,  coke,  or  gas-forge  fires.  He  should  be  able  to  make 
sketches  of  ordinary  work,  order  stock,  and  calculate  sizes.  He  should 
4 


BLACKSMITHINQ  5 

be  able  to  run  a  hand  or  small  power  drill  press,  do  rough  emery  grinding, 
and  have  some  experience  with  a  small  steam  hammer.  He  should  under- 
stand oxyacetylene,  electric,  and  tlierniito  welding,  and  have  ability  to 
handle  men.  He  should  have  good  physical  strength  and  should  have 
had  experience  as  a  general  blaclvsmith. 
Schooling:   Common  school,  preferably  high  school. 

BLACKSMITH,  GENERAL  BEET 

Description:   The  general  blacksmith  does  light  and  medium-size  forging 

and  general  anvil  work  on  production  and  repairs, 
ftualifications:  The  general  blacksmith  must  be  able  to  work  from  draw- 
ings, samples,  or  templates,  and  do  any  medium  or  light-size  forging, 
including  drawing,  bending,  upsetting,  and  welding.  He  should  handle 
all  grades  of  iron  and  steel,  including  tool  steel.  He  should  be  able  to 
do  ordinary  tempering,  using  water,  oil,  or  air,  and  be  able  to  direct  the 
work  of  helpers.  He  should  have  had  at  least  an  equivalent  of  an 
apprenticeship  in  a  general  blacksmithing  shop.  It  is  desirable  that  he 
understand  oxyacetylene  and  thermite  welding. 
Schooling:   Common  school. 

3LACKSMITH,  GENEHAL  REPAIR  WORK  AND  HORSESHOEING  BEGIN 

Description:  Tlie  duties  of  the  blacksmith  and  liorsoshoer  are  to  make  new 
parts  and  to  do  repair  work  for  carriages,  wagons,  and  general  machinery. 
He  must  also  be  qualified  to  do  resetting  and  fitting  of  horseshoes,  such 
as  a  man  might  do  if  employed  around  a  mine,  in  a  construction  crew, 
or  as  a  country  blacksmith. 

Qualifications:  The  blacksmith  and  horseshoer  must  be  able  to  do  bending, 
drawing,  upsetting,  welding  and  forming,  and  all  light  c.-irriage  and 
machine  repairs;  must  be  able  to  work  with  coal  and  coke  fires,  or  with 
oil  or  gas,  with  hand  or  power  blast;  must  be  familiar  with  the  various 
grades  of  iron  and  steel,  including  tool  steel;  should  be  able  to  order 
stock  and  calculate  sizes.  He  should  dress,  harden,  and  temper  all 
ordinary  tools.  He  should  be  able  to  dress  picks  and  pinch  bars;  should 
be  able  to  make  and  repair  crowbars,  tongs,  and  special  tools.  He  must 
be  able  to  forge  a  new  horseshoe  or  to  punch  and  fit  one  from  commer- 
cial stock.  He  should  be  able  to  remove  a  shoe,  pare  hoofs,  shan^en  or 
replace  calks,  and  properly  rc'iilace  tlio  shoo.  This  work  requires  good 
health  and  strength.  He  should  have  had  at  least  an  equivalent  of  an 
apprenticeship  as  a  general  blacksmith  and  horseshoer. 

Schooling:   Common  school. 

BLACKSMITH'S  HELPER  BEING 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  blacksmith's  helper  are  to  use  the  sledge 
at  the  direction  of  the  blacksmith,  to  look  after  the  forge  fire,  to  cut 
and  arrange  stock,  and  to  assist  the  blacksmith  in  any  and  all  work 
assigned.     He  may  be  in  training  for  the  blacksmith's  trade. 

Qualifications:  The" blacksmith's  helper  should  be  a  strong,  healthy  young 
man  who  has  a  desire  to  become  a  blacksmith.  He  should  have  a  knowl- 
edge of  ordinary  arithmetic  and  should  learn  to  read  drawings. 

Schooling:   I'roforably  high  school. 


BLACKSMITH'S  STRIKER.      {Sec  Blacksmith's   helper.) 
BOLT  MAKER.      (Sec  Bolt-making-machine  hand.) 


6  METAL-WORKING  INDUSTRIES 

BOLT-MAKING-MACHINE   HAND  BELLE 

Description:   Tlio  bolt-iniikinK-niacliini;  hand  runs  u  machine  on  wiiich  are 

foiiiKHl  all  sizes  of  i)oU.s  and  all  shapes  of  boltheads. 
Qualifications:  The  Imlt-niakinK-machine  hand  must  know  the  names,  care, 
!iii(i  use  of  llio  ix-iiicipal  parts  of  the;  machine.  lie  must  be  able  to  set  up 
ail  llic  lools  ami  make  all  necessary  adjustments  and  measurements.  He 
nmst  know  how  to  work  on  cold  or  hot  iron  and  how  to  handle  coke, 
coal,  oil,  or  Ras  lires.  He  must  be  able  to  direct  the  work  of  the  helper. 
He  nmst  be  physically  strong  and  able  to  endure  heat. 

BULLDOZER  HAND  BELT 

Description:  The  bulldozer  hand  runs  a  machine,  called  the  "bulldozer," 
that  is  equipped  with  dies  for  the  making  of  off-sets  and  bends  in  the 
various  stock  sizes  and  shapes  of  iron, 
ftualiflcations:  The  bulldozer  hand  should  know  the  names,  care,  and  use 
of  the  principal  parts  of  the  machine.  He  should  be  able  to  set  up  all 
tools  connected  with  the  machine;  must  be  able  to  work  hot  or  cold 
metal,  and  nmst  understand  the  operation  of  coke,  coal,  oil,  or  gas  fires. 
He  must  be  able  to  direct  the  work  of  the  helper.  He  must  be  physically 
strong  and  able  to  endure  heat.  He  should  have  had  experience  equiva- 
lent to  a  complete  apprenticeship  to  a  bulldozer  hand. 
Schooling:  Common  school. 

CHAIN  MAKER  CHARM 

Kindred  Occupation:  General  blacksmith. 

Description:  The  chain-maker  blacksmith  forges  either  by  hand  or  with 
steam  hammer,  and  with  or  without  the  use  of  dies,  all  sizes  of  chains 
usually  forged  in  a  blacksmith  shop. 

Qualifications:  The  chain  maker  must  be  able  to  work  from  drawings;  must 
be  familiar  with  coke,  coal,  oil,  or  gas  fires;  must  be  able  to  direct  the 
work  of  helpers,  and  understand  the  forging  of  all  grades  of  iron  and 
steel  used  in  the  manufacture  of  chains.  He  should  have  had  previous 
experience  equivalent  to  an  apprenticeship  as  a  chain  maker.  He  must 
be  physically  strong  and  able  to  endure  heat. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 

FIREMAN,  LARGE  COAL  FIRE  FALSE 

Description:   The  fireman  of  a  large  coal  fire  feeds  coal  into  the  furnace 

and  regulates  the  dampers  so  as  to  maintain  a  uniform  temperature. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  physically  able  to  shovel  coal  and  stand  heat; 
must  understand  the  distribution  and  placement  of  coal  on  the  fire  in 
order  to  maintain  a  uniform  temperature  and  not  waste  fuel. 
Schooling:   Common  school. 

FLUE  WELDER  FAME 

Description:   The  flue  welder's  duties  consist  of  welding  and  lengthening 

locomotive  and  other  types  of  boiler  tubes. 
Qualifications:  The  flue  welder  must  be  thoroughly  experienced  in  the 
process  of  roller  or  pneumatic  hammer  welding  or  reending  of  boiler 
tubes  or  flues.  He  must  thoroughly  understand  the  use  of  flue  welding 
furnaces  and  the  proper  heating  of  tubes  for  perfect  weld ;  and  under- 
stand the  danger  of  burning  metal.  He  should  also  understand 
cutting  out  tubes  and  be  able  to  prepare  tubes  for  welding.  He 
should  have  had  experience  as  a  flue  welder  in  a  locomotive  plant,  rail- 
road locomotive  repair  shop,  general  boiler  shop,  or  industrial  shop. 


BLACKSMITHING  '7 

f  ORGER.  DROP  AND  DIE  FORGING  FAN 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  drop  and  die  forger  are  to  operate  a  drop 
hammer,  or  steam  hammer,  to  form  hot  metal  by  the  use  of  dies. 

Qualifications:  The  drop  and  die  forger  must  know  how  to  operate  and  set 
up  dies  for  all  kinds  of  drop  and  steam  hammers  for  roughing,  finishing, 
and  trimming  forgings.  He  should  understand  the  operation  of  large 
coal,  coke,  gas,  and  oil  furnaces  for  heating  the  various  kinds  of  iron  and 
steel ;  must  be  able  to  direct  the  work  of  heaters  and  backhanders. 
He  must  have  good  physical  strength  and  be  able  to  enilure  heat.  He 
.should  have  an  experience  equivalent  to  an  apprenticeship  under  a 
journeyman  die  forger. 

Schooling:   Common  school. 
FORGER.  HEAVY  FORGINGS  FANCY 

Kindred  Occupation:   Hammersmith. 

Description:  The  heavy  forger  produces  such  work  as  large  locomotive 
parts,  ship  forgings,  and  large  gun  forgings;  uses  steam  or  other  heavy 
hammers  and  usually  works  on  ingots  ranging  from  4  to  18  inches  in  diam- 
eter, but  occasionally  may  be  required  to  work  smaller  or  larger  ingots. 

ftualifications:  The  forger  must  be  able  to  work  from  drawings,  samples, 
or  templates.  He  should  be  able  to  do  bending,  drawing,  upsetting, 
welding,  and  forming,  from  coal,  coke,  gas,  or  oil  fires.  He  must  be 
familiar  with  the  various  grades  of  iron  and  steel,  including  tool  steel. 
He  should  be  able  to  order  stock  and  calculate  sizes;  should  be  able  to 
direct  the  work  of  firemen,  backhanders,  strikers,  and  helpers.  He  should 
have  good  physical  strength  and  be  able  to  endure  heat.  The  forger 
should  have  had  the  equivalent  of  an  apprenticeship  in  a  shop  doing  heavy 
forging. 

Schooling:   Common  school,  preferably  high  school. 

FORGING-MACEINE  HAND 

Description:  Tiie  forging-machine  hand  is  one  who  runs  a  machine,  such 
as  the  Ajax  or  Acme  forging  machine,  for  the  making  of  all  kinds  of 
machine  forgings. 

Qualifications:  The  forging-machine  hand  should  know  the  namp,  care,  and 
use  of  the  principal  parts  of  either  an  Ajax  or  an  Acme  forging  machine. 
He  should  be  able  to  set  up  all  tools  and  dies;  should  be  familiar  with 
coke,  coal,  oil,  and  gas  fires.  He  should  be  able  to  handle  all  kinds  of 
iron  and  .steel  and  be  able  to  make  all  necessary  adjustments  and  meas- 
urements. He  must  be  physically  strong  and  able  to  endure  heat. 
FORGING-MACHINE  HAND:  2  to  4  inch  Ajax  or  Acme  machine  FAR 

FORGING-MACHINE  HAND:  4  to  6  inch  Ajax  or  Acme  machine      FARCE 
Note. — If  a  forging-machine  hand,  able  to  run  all  sizes  of  machines,  is 

required,  combine  the  two  code  words. 
FRAME  BENDER  FARE 

Description:  Tlie  frame  bender  bends  structural  steel  into  shapes,  working 
from  patterns  and  templates  furnished  from  the  pattern  or  template 
maker. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  able  to  lay  out  forms  on  the  bending  floor,  know 
how  to  clamp  and  hold  material  for  bending,  and  must  be  familiar  with 
press  and  hammer  bonding.  He  must  be  able  to  bend  flat  iron,  anglf 
iron,  channel  iron,  tee  iron,  and  I  beams,  and  be  able  to  use  coke,  coal, 
oil,  or  gas  fires.  He  must  have  good  physical  strength,  be  able  to  stand 
heat,  and  be  able  to  direct  the  work  of  helpers.  He  must  have  had  an 
equivalent  to  an  apprenticeship  as  a  frame  bender. 

Schooling:  Common  school,  preferably  high  school. 


8  METAL-WORKING  INDUSTRIES 

FURNACE  MAN  OR  HEATER  FARM 

Description:  Tlic  (liilics  of  Hk;  fur-iiace  man  or  heater  are  to  operate  (.'oal. 
coko,  p;as,  or  oil  fires  for  (lie  licatins  of  iii;,'ots  or  plates  for  the  purpose 
of  sliai'i'iic  or  vvcldiiif,' 
Qualifications:  Ho  iiiiist  l<iio\v  tlie  iimiikv  care,  and  use  of  the  principal  parts 
of  a  I'uriiacc;  must  Iciiow  liow  lo  control  (!auip(M-s  and  blasts  so  as  to  pro- 
duce (he  required  temperature;  must  understand  the  tenii)erature  re- 
(|inred  foi-  tlio  various  for^inK  and  shapinpr  operations  on  the  different 
grades  of  iron  and  steel.  He  sliould  understand  relinin.i?  furnaces.  He 
must  have  Rood  strength  and  be  able  to  stand  heat.  He  should  have 
worked  as  n  IicIikt  and  as  an  indopentlent  furnace  man. 

FURNACE  MAN,  SLAB  FURNACE  FAST 

Description:  The  slab  furnace  num  operates  the  furnace  in  connection  with 

the  w«)rk  ilone  by  the  frame  bender  on  the  table  or  floor  slab. 
Qualifications:  Ho  should  be  able  to  operate  and  control  the  larsost  size 
furnaces  and  be  able  to  regulate  dampers  so  as  to  obtain  the  proper  heat 
for  all  the  work  of  a  frame  bender.  Must  be  able  to  reline  the  furnace, 
direct  the  handling  of  hand  and  power  cranes,  and  direct  the  work  of 
furnace  lielpers.  He  should  have  had  experience  as  a  furnace  helper 
and  considerable  experience  as  an  independent  furnace  man.  He  should 
be  physically  strong  and  able  to  endure  heat. 
Schooling:   Connnon  school. 

HAMMER  RUNNER  HALF 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  hammer  runner  are  to  manipulate  the  con- 
trolling devices  on  a  steam  or  power  hanmier  under  the  direction  of  the 
smith  who  handles  the  ingot.  This  is  usually  pai-t  of  the  helper's  work. 
Qualifications:  He  must  have  good  physical  strength,  be  able  to  endure  heat, 
and  should  have  had  sulTicient  experience  in  manipulating  a  hammer  to 
be  thoroughly  familiar  with  the  blacksmith's  signals  and  be  able  to  carry 
out  the  smith's  directions. 

HAMMERSMITH  HALL 

Description:  The  hammersmith,  with  either  light  steam  or  trip  hammer, 
forges  machine  parts  similar  to  light  locomotive  work,  ship  parts,  and 
small  gun  forgings,  usually  from  ingots  up  to  S  inches.  He  may  be 
required  to  forge  from  ingots  of  a  larger  diameter. 
Qualifications:  The  hammersmith  must  be  able  to  work  from  drawings, 
samples,  or  templates.  He  should  be  able  to  do  bending,  drawing,  upset- 
ting, welding,  and  forming,  from  a  coal,  coke,  gas,  or  oil  fire.  He  must 
be  familiar  with  the  various  grades  of  iron  and  steel,  including  tool 
steel.  Should  be  able  to  order  stock  and  calculate  sizes ;  should  be  able 
to  direct  the  work  of  firemen,  backhanders,  strikers,  and  helpers.  He 
should  have  good  physical  strength  and  be  able  to  endure  heat.  He 
should  have  had  the  equivalent  of  an  appi'enticeship  to  a  hammersmith. 
■Schooling:  Common  school,  preferably  high  school. 

HAMMERSMITH,  HEAVY  FIRES.     (See  Forger,  heavy  forgings.) 

HORSESHOER,  EXPERT  HARSH 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  expert  horseshoer  are  to  do  all  woi-k  neces- 
sary to  set  shoes  and  to  care  for  horses'  feet. 
Qualifications:  The  expert  horseshoer  should  be  able  to  forge,  shape,  and 
punch  horse.shoes  and  mule  shoes  from  bar  stock  or  from  standard  stock 
of  shoes ;  should  understand  the  physiologj^  of  the  horse's  foot  so  as  to 
know  how  to  correct  for  interference  and  for  lameness ;  should  be  able  to 


BLACKSMITHING  9 

pare  hoofs  and  clean  feet  so  as  to  keep  them  in  a  healthy  condition.    He 
should   have   physical   strength   sufficient   to   handle   heavy    horses   and 
mules.     He  .should  have  had  an  equivalent  to  an  apprenticeship  under  a 
general  horseshoer  and  considerable  experience  as  a  journeyman. 
Schooling:   Common  school ;  preferably  some  work  in  a  veterinary  school. 

INGOT  PASSER.      (.Sec  Blacksmith's  helper.) 

LABORZH.   BLACKSMITH   SHOP  LASH 

The    following    occupations    are    included    under    Laborers :    Ash    man ; 

,    Clean-up  man  ;  Coal  and  coke  shoveler ;  Furnace  cleaner ;  Trucker. 
Note. — Laborers  s[)ecified  and  assigned  under  the  code  word  for  Laborer, 
blacksmith  shop,  may  be  assigned  to  any  one  or  more  of  the  above- 
mentioned  .jobs. 
Qualifications:    He  should  have  good   strength  and  health  and   ability   to 
stand  heat. 

MACHINE  TOOL  DRESSER  MANLY 

Kindred  Occupation:  (it'iioral  tool  dresser. 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  machine  tool  dresser  are  to  forge,  harden,  and 
temper  all  kinds  of  carbon  and  high-spied  lathe,  shaper,  and  planer  tools 
and  make  forgings  for  tool  blanks. 

Qualifications:  He  niust  be  able  to  work  from  drawings  or  samples  and 
forge,  from  the  various  kinds  of  carbon  and  high-speed  tool  steel,  all  kinds 
and  shapns  of  tool-post  tools  required  for  lathe,  planer,  and  shaper;  must 
be  able  to  make  chisels  and  punclies  and  various  kinds  of  cutter  blanks 
and  special  tool  blanks.  He  must  have  a  thorough  knowledge  of  heating 
and  tempering  furnaces.  He  must  understand  annealing,  oil  and  water 
tempering,  understand  the  use  of  cyanide  and  other  .special  hardening 
materials,  and  be  familiar  with  the  salt  bath  lead  bath,  and  cyanide 
bath  heat  treating.  He  should  have  experience  equivalent  to  an  appren- 
ticrship  as  a  tool  dresser. 

Schooling:  Common  .scliool ;  preferalily  should  have  some  general  knowledge 
of  the  pliyslcal  jjroporties  of  steel. 

SHEAR  HAND    (Boiler  shop,   blacksmith  shop,  or  plate   shed)  SIREN 

Descriplion:  The  duties  of  the  shear  hand  are  to  run  shears  in  tiie  black- 
smith shop,  boiler  shop,  or  i>late  shed  for  the  cutling  of  all  kinds  of 
stock  u.sed  in  the  respective  departments. 
Qualifications:  He  should  know  the  name,  care,  and  use  of  the  principal 
purls  of  the  machine;  shovdd  be  able  to  set  the  machine  and  check  up 
measurements  in  drawings  and  specifications.  He  must  be  able  to 
order  stock  and  know  how  to  cut  stock  for  various  purposes.  He 
should  have  had  experience  as  a  helper  and  should  have  had  consider- 
;ilile  cxnerience  as  a  shear  hand. 
Schooling:    Common  school. 

SPRING  MAKER  SEAR 

Dei^ciption:    Tlu»  si»ring  maker's  duties  consist   of  forging,    forming,   and 

making  rsnlway  lr)r'omotive.  oar,  or  automobile  truck  springs. 
Qualifications:  The  spring  maker  nnist  be  thoroughly  familiar  with  the  ma- 
chinery and  up-to-date  proces.ses  involved  in  general  spring  forging  and 
the  manufacture  of  leaf,  coil,  and  all  types  of  light  or  heavy  springs. 
He  must  be  capable  of  properly  working  alloy  and  spring  steels ;  must 
be  a  comi)etent  hand  or  i)ower  hannuer  operator,  able  to  work  to  draw- 


10  METAL-WORKING  INDUSTRIES 

ln«s  and  sninples,  and  to  (iKure  stock.  He  must  understand  annealing, 
projicr  liciitliiK,  trcntiiiK,  and  liarrleninK,  and  should  be  al>le  to  lit  and 
assemble  leaf  springs.  Ho  must  i)e  able  to  u.se  .spring  forming,  bending, 
and  (esling  machines.  He  should  have  had  an  equivalent  to  an  appren- 
ticeship under  a  journeyman  spring  maker. 
Schooling:  (.'omnion  schof)]. 

TOOL  DRESSER   (Quarry,  mine,  or  well-drilling  crew)  TAX 

Description:   The  duties  of  the  tool  dresser  are  to  form,  sharpen,  harden, 

and  icmpcr  all  sorts  of  tool  bits  and  contractor's  tools. 
Qualifications:  The  tool  dresser  in  a  quarry  or  mine  or  well  drilling  crew 
must  be  al)le  to  put  on  shanks,  collars,  and  extensions  on  all  .shapes  and 
sizes  of  well-drilling  tools  and  rock  drills.  He  niust  be  able  to  make  and 
repair  calking  tools,  chisels,  tongs,  bending  tools,  flue  tools,  and  rock 
drills;  nnist  be  able  to  dress  picks,  bars,  and  other  hand  tools;  should 
do  general  blacksmilhing  work  and  be  able  to  do  air,  water,  and  oil  tem- 
pering and  to  do  annealing.  He  should  be  able  to  work  from  coal  or  coke 
fires,  using  hand  or  power  blast,  and  to  get  the  proper  heat  under  unfavor- 
able conditions.  He  must  direct  the  work  of  strikers  and  helpers  and  have 
good  physical  strength  and  endurance.  He  should  have  completed  at 
least  ail  eq\iivalent  of  an  apprenticeship  in  a  similar  kind  of  work. 
Schooling:  Common  .school,  preferably  high  school. 


GAS  AND  ELECTRIC  WELDING 

ACETYLENE  GAS  COMPRESSOB,  AND  WELDING  SHOP  FOREMAN  ACID 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  acetylene  {,'as  coinpres.sor  and  welding-shop 
foreman  are  to  operate  and  supervise  the  operation  of  an  acetylene  gas 
compressor  in  a  bottling  or  storage  plant  and  supervise  the  making  ready 
and  welding  of  all  kinds  of  repair  or  construction  work. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  particularly  experienced  in  the  use  and  care  of 
steam  or  motor  driven  gas  compressors  on  high  or  low  pressure.  He  must 
understand  storage  tanks  and  bottle  charging  and  nuist  be  a  thoroughly 
practical  compressor  engineman,  able  to  jnake  valve  adjustments  and 
operating  repairs,  be  familiar  with  high-pressure  piping,  valves,  and  fit- 
tings and  the  handling  of  liquefied  or  inflammable  gases  in  generators, 
tanks  or  bottles;  must  thoroughly  understand  the  use  of  acetone  In  the 
making  of  gas  mixtures.  He  should  have  had  considerable  experience 
as  a  gas  welder  and  gas  compressor  tender ;  and  should  also  have  had 
independent  charge  of  a  gas  and  welding  plant. 
Schooling:   Common  school;  preferably  high  school  and  teclmical  training. 

ACETYLENE  GAS  COMPRESSOR  OPERATOR  ACME 

Description:  The  duty  of  the  acetylene  gas  compressor  operator  is  to  ma- 
nipulate the  machinery  connected  witli  the  compression  of  acetylene  gases. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  experienced  in  the  use  and  care  of  steam 
or  other  motor-driven  compressors  for  high  pressure  gas  compression. 
He  must  be  a  thoroughly  practical  compressor  engineman,  able  to  make 
valve  adjustments  and  operating  repairs.  He  must  have  had  experience 
as  an  assistant  in  an  acetylene  compressor  plant. 

Schooling:  Conuuon  school. 

ACETYLENE  GENERATOR  TENDER  ACORN 

Description;   The  duty  of  the  acetylene  generator  tender  is  the  operation 

of  a  complete  acetylene  generating  and  gas  storage  plant. 
Qualifications;  He  must  be  experienced  in  the  care  and  use  of  such  equip- 
ments and  fully  understand  details  of  construction  and  operation  of  gen- 
erators, purifiers,  and  driers,  and  the  handling  and  use  of  carbide.  He 
should  be  familiar  with  gas  holders  and  piping.  He  should  luive  had 
like  experience  in  a  commercial  generating  plant  as  a  helper  and  con- 
siderable experience  as  an  independent  tender. 
Schooling:  Common  school. 

CHIPPER,   WELDING   SHOP   OR   FOUNDRY  CHORE 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  chipper  are  to  use  either  hand  or  pneumatic 
chisels  in  chipping  away  surplus  metal. 

Qualifications:  The  chipper  should  be  skilled  in  the  u.se  of  hand  cold  chisels 
and  hammer,  and  in  the  use  of  pneumatic  chipping  machinery.  He 
should  be  able  to  handle  light  or  heavy  work  and  to  chip  to  a  compara- 
tively smooth  surface. 

ELECTRIC  ARC  WELDER  HAND  EBB 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  electric  arc  welding  hand  are  the  operation 
of  electric-arc-welding  equipment  in  welding  general  plate,  tank,  or 
framework  for  "building  up"  and  repairs  and  the  clamping  and  lining  up 
of  such  work  to  prepare  it  for  welding. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  experienced  in  all  details  of  arc  welding,  using 
either  graphite  or  metal  electrodes.     He  should  fully  understand  the  use 

11 


12  METAL-WORKING   INDUSTRIES 

and  care  of  the  apparalus  and  be  able  to  set  up  and  connect  to  service 
mains.  He  should  understand  cleaning',  making,'  ready,  and  clamping  to 
Insure  correct  form  and  solid  work.  lie  .should  have  had  experience  as 
an  assistant  to  an  electric  arc  welder  and  have  done  consideral>le  inde- 
pendent work. 
Schooling:   Common  school. 

ELECTRIC  ARC  WELDER  OPERATOR  ERUPT 

Description:  The  electric  arc  welder  runs  an  arc-welding  equipment  for  the 

welding  of  plate,  tank,  and  frames. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  experienced  in  the  care  and  use  of  electric-arc- 
weiding  eciuipnient  for  general  plate,  tank,  and  frame  work  after  the 
parts  have  been  lined  up  aiul  clamped  into  position  by  another  workman. 
He  should  have  had  experience  as  an  assistant  and  considerable  ex- 
perience as  an  independent  operator. 

ELECTRIC  SPOT  WELDER  HAND  EBONY 

Description:  The  duty  of  the  electric  spot  welder  hand  is  the  operation  of 
any  standard  make  or  size  of  electric  spot  welding  machine,  on  any 
class  of  sheet  metal  or  plate  work. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  experienced  in  the  u.se  and  care  of  electric  spot 
welders  and  should  have  sufficient  knowledge  of  electric  wiring  and 
welder  construction  to  keep  the  equipment  in  good  working  order.  He 
should  be  able  to  form,  set,  and  adjust  contacts,  brackets,  and  sup- 
ports for  any  variety  of  work  and  fully  understand  rapid  and  correct 
method  of  handling  to  insure  positive  welding  of  simple  or  intricate- 
pieces.  He  should  have  had  spot-welding  experience  in  a  metal  furni- 
ture or  large  sheet-metal-products  plant. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 

ELECTRIC  SPOT  WELDER  OPERATOR  ECHO 

Description:  The  duty  of  the  electric  spot  welder  operator  is  to  operate 
any  standard  make  or  size  of  electric  spot  welder  on  any  class  of  metal 
or  plate  work  after  the  work  has  been  lined  up  and  clamped  ready  for- 
welding. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  experienced  in  the  use  and  care  of  the  electric 
spot  welders  sufficiently  w^ell  to  know  how  to  complete  properly  a  weld 
after  the  set-up  of  material  has  been  made.  He  should  have  had  experi- 
ence as  an  assistant  to  a  journeyman  or  expert  welder. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 

GAS  WELDER,  FOREMAN,  REPAIR  WORK  GAUNT' 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  gas  welder  foreman,  repair  work,  are 
the  supervision  and  opei'ation  of  any  form  of  autogenous,  oxyhydrogen 
or  oxyacetylene  gas  burner  for  torch  welding  or  cutting  on  any  class  of 
work  and  any  metal. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  tlioroughly  experienced  w^ith  the  general  appa- 
ratus and  in  the  processes  employed  in  the  planning  and  handling  of  all' 
forms  of  gas  welding  for  manufacturing,  shop,  or  emergency  repair  work. 
He  must  be  skilled  in  tl:e  use  of  welding  and  cutting  torches  and  able  to 
weld,  patch,  or  build  up  mild  steel,  cast-iron,  bronze,  and  cast  aluminum, 
in  sheets,  tubes,  or  fairly  large  «oclions.  He  should  understand  auto- 
mobile chassis,  frame,  and  tank  welding  and  cylinder  repairing,  and  be 
able  to  plait  seams  or  joints.     He  must  thoroughly  understand  preheat- 


GAS  AND  ELECTRIC   WELDING  13 

ing,  blocking  up,  holding  and  clamping  to  maintain  location,  and  align- 
ment. He  must  have  a  practical  knowledge  of  any  kind  of  cutting  work, 
such  as  sprues  and  spacers,  or  scrap  stock  or  iron  and  steel  foundry 
work.  He  should  have  had  experience  as  an  assistant  to  a  gas  welder  on 
repair  work  for  from  one  to  two  j'ears. 
Schooling:  Common  school. 

OAS  WELDER  HAND,  REPAIR  WORK  GAUZE 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  gas  welder  hand  on  repair  work  are  to 
operate  any  form  of  autogenous,  oxyhydrogen,  or  oxyacetylene  gas  burner 
for  torch  welding, 
ftualifications:  He  must  be  experienced  in  the  care  and  use  of  ga.s  torches 
and  in  the  planning  and  handling  of  all  forms  of  gas  welding  for 
emergencj'  shop  repairs.  He  must  be  able  to  build  up  parts  and  to  weld 
mild  steel,  cast  iron,  bronze,  and  cast  aluminum  in  sheets  or  in  tubes. 
He  must  understand  reheating  and  annealing ;  must  be  able  to  patch, 
clamp,  and  maintain  the  alignment  of  parts.  He  should  have  had  experi- 
ence as  an  assistant  to  a  gas  welder  on  repair  work. 
Schooling:  Common  school. 

GRINDER,  ROUGH  EMERY,  WELDING  SHOP  AND  FOUNDRY  GAT 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  rough  emery  grinder  in  welding  shop  and 
foundry  are  to  grind  off  all  surplus  metal  left  from  chipping  and  weld- 
ing, to  grind  off  sprue  lugs,  and  to  grind  rough  places  on  castings, 
ftualifications:  The  rough  emery  grinder  must  be  able  to  dress  and  true 
emery  wheels  and  keep  the  grinding  stand  in  running  order.  He  should 
have  good  health  and  strength. 

OXYACETYLENE-BURNER   HAND,   CONSTRUCTION   AND  WRECKING 

Description:  The  duty  of  the  oxyacetylene  burner  or  cutter  is  tlie  operation 
of  autogenous  gas-cutting  torches  for  any  class  of  manufacturing,  de- 
molition or  wreck-clearing  work. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  thoroughly  skilled  in  the  use  of  oxyhydrogen  or 
oxyacetylene  cutters,  gas  torches  of  shop  or  portable  type,  and  fully 
understand  setting  up.  He  must  be  expert  in  the  use  of  all  classes  of 
manufacturing  work,  such  as  cutting  holes,  gusset  plates,  and  shapes,  such 
as  channels  and  beams.  He  must  also  be  capable  of  burning  and  cutting 
apart  in  clearing  wreckage  of  buildings,  bridges,  railways,  or  heavy 
general  machinery.  He  should  have  had  experience  as  an  assistant  In  a 
construction  and  wrecking  crew  with  an  acetylene  operator. 
Schooling:  Common  school. 

OXYACETYLENE  BURNER,  BENCH  OR  GROUND  WORK  OGRE 

OXYACETYLENE  BURNER,  SCAFFOLD  WORK  OATH 

Note. — If  work  requires  both  ground  and  scaffold  work,  combine  the  code 
words. 

SOLDERER  AND  BRAZER,  GAS  AND  ACETYLENE  TORCH  SEAT 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  gas  and  acetylene  torch  brazer  and  solderer 
are  to  solder  or  braze  machine  parts  for  regular  machine  as.sembly  work- 
Qualifications:  He  must  understand  the  manipulation  of  gas  and  acetylene 
torches,  cleaning,  assembling,  and  clamping  w<irk  for  soldering  and  braz- 
ing; the  u.se  of  solder  and  smi-lti'r  and  sol<ler  and  smelter  llux.  Should 
be  sufliciently  skilled  in  soldering  and  brazing  to  know  when  parts  are 
thoroughly  united  and  to  leave  a  good  clean  joint 
Schooling:  Common  school. 
87064—18 3 


14  METAL-WORKING  INDUSTRIES 

THERMITE  WELDER  TAXES 

Description:  'i'lic  diitios  of  the  expert  thermite  welder  are  the  repair  of  large 
broken  luotii!  i)iirls  of  any  character  and  size  by  means  of  the  thermite 
process  of  steel  weldinp. 
Qualifications:  lie  must  be  experienced  in  the  planning  and  making  of 
tlicruilto  welds  on  intricate  or  largo  and  difficult  pieces  or  smf\ll  parts. 
He  must  be  able  to  clean,  set  up,  fit  and  line,  and  construct  molds  of 
proper  shape  and  size  to  produce  safe  welds  with  minimum  material, 
lie  must  understand  when  preheating  is  refpiired  and  the  degree  neces- 
sary to  avoid  chilling  the  cast,  and  must  understand  the  use  of  gas,  oil, 
or  gasoline  torches  for  this  purpose.  lie  sliould  have  a  knowledge  of 
hand,  electric,  or  pneumatic  chipping,  drilling,  and  grinding  and  ability  to 
clean  large  pieces  before  or  after  welding.  He  should  have  equivalent 
to  an  apprenticeship  experience  as  an  assistant  to  a  thermite  welder. 
Schooling:  Common  school. 

HARDENING,  TEMPERING,  AND  HEAT-TREATING 
CASEHARDENER  •  CHART 

Description:  The  casehardener  carbonizes  or  casehardens  machine  parts 
requiring  liardened  surfaces. 

Qualifications:  The  casehardener  must  be  f.ir.iiliar  with  and  able  to  main- 
tain the  casehardening  furnace  and  must  ilioroughly  understand  the  use 
of  cai'bonizing  material.  He  should  also  be  familiar  with  the  temperature 
required  to  get  the  best  results  in  casehiirdening  and  know  the  time  re- 
quired to  harden  to  the  proper  depth.  He  must  know  the  kind  of  baths 
to  use  to  quench  the  heated  part  in  order  to  get  the  best  results  for  the 
different  kinds  of  steel  and  for  different  kinds  of  work  for  which  the 
part  is  to  be  used.  He  should  have  had  experience  as  a  helper  and  must 
have  done  some  independent  work  as  a  casehardener. 

Schooling:  Common  school;  preferably  some  knowledge  of  the  physical 
properties  of  steel. 

FURNACE  MAN,  ANNEALER,  AND  HEAT  TREATER,  FOREMAN  FAT 

Description:  The  foreman  furnace  man  for  annealing  and  heat-treating 
furnaces  supervises  the  operation  and  care  of  the  various  types  of  heat- 
treating  furnaces  for  the  heat  treatment  of  castings,  forgings,  tool  steels, 
or  sheet  metals  for  draw-press  work. 
Qualifications:  The  furnace  foreman  must  be  a  thoroughly  experienced 
annealing  or  heat-treating  furnace  man,  entirely  familiar  with  the  opera- 
tion and  upkeep  of  such  furnaces  using  coal,  coke,  gas,  or  oil  fuel.  He 
must  understand  the  use  of  pyrometer  apparatus  and  be  able  to  maintain 
uniform  temperatures  required  for  different  classes  of  materials  and  work 
and  should  have  some  knowledge  of  the  physical  and  chemical  proper- 
ties of  metals.  He  must  know  the  methods  of  proper  heating  and  time 
for  annealing  of  small  or  large  steel  castings  and  forgings.  He  must  be 
skilled  in  annealing  in  boxes  or  open,  and  in  heat-treatment  hardening 
and  drawing  of  carbon  and  alloy  die  and  tool  steels.  He  must  thor- 
oughly understand  the  processes  and  proper  annealing  of  sheet  metals, 
such  as  brass,  steel,  and  copper  in  the  flat  or  between  drawing  oper- 
ations. He  should  be  able  to  keep  intelligent  and  accurate  records  of 
temperatures,  times,  and  other  necessary  data,  and  should  be  able  to 
test  out  various  treatments  of  materials  to  insure  best  results.  He 
should  preferably  have  some  knowledge  of  making  malleable  iron. 
Schooling:  High  school,  preferably  technical  training. 


HARDENING,   TEMPERING,  AND  HEAT-TREATING  15 

HARDENER 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  hardener  are  to  harden  and  temper  the 
various  tools  and  machine  parts  that  require  hardening  in  the  making  of 
machinery  of  all  kinds.  Hardeners  are  usually  described  in  relation  to 
the  type  of  furnace  used  or  the  type  of  material  to  be  hardened  and 
tempered. 

Qualifications:  All  hardeners  must  have  had  expei-icuce  as  helpers  and  must 
luive  (lone  at  least  some  independent  hardening. 

Schooling:   Common  school. 

HARDENER,  CARBON  STEEL,  GAS  OR  OIL  FURNACE  HALO 

The  hardener  of  carbon  steel  on  gas  or  oil  furnaces  must  know  how  to 
regulate  and  maintain  the  proper  temperature  for  hardening  the  different 
kinds  of  work  to  be  done.  He  should  know  the  use  of  air,  water,  and 
oil  as  a  quenching  medium  and  must  be  able  to  judge  the  kind  of  quench- 
ing material  to  use  for  any  grade  of  steel.  He  must  have  good  health 
and  an  accurate  knowU'dge  of  judging  the  required  heat. 

HARDENER,  COAL  AND  COKE  FIRE  HALT 

The  Imrdoaer  on  coal  or  cuke  lire  must  understand  how  to  regulate  the  fur- 
nace and  judge  accurately  the  proper  heat  for  har;leuiug  the  various 
types  of  steel,  including  high-speed  steel.  He  must  understand  the  use 
of  air,  water,  and  oil  baths  for  quenching.  He  must  l)e  able  to  endure 
the  high  heat  of  the  furnace  i-oom.     Ho  must  have  good. health. 

HARDENER,  HIGH-SPEED  STEEL,  GAS  OR  OIL  FURNACE  HALVE 

The  hardener  of  high-.speed  steel  on  gas  or  oil  fui'ii'io's  must  know  how  to 
control  the  heat  in  a  gas  or  oil  furnace  so  as  to  maintain  the  proper 
temi)eriiture.  He  must  thoroughly  understand  the  use  of  air,  water, 
and  oil  baths  for  quenching  the  various  kinds  of  high-speed  steel.  He 
should  have  good  health  and  ability  to  stand  the  high  temperature  of  a 
hardening  room. 

HARDENER,  LEAD  AND  CYANIDE  POT  HAM 

The  lead  or  cyanide  pot  hardener  must  be  experienced  in  the  use  of  lead 
and  cyanide  pots  for  hardening  the  various  machine  parts  and  tools 
that  can  be  hardened  by  these  methods.  He  must  understand  the  use 
of  air,  water,  and  oil  quenching  materials  and  be  thoroughly  familiar 
with  the  required  heat  for  any  sized  stock.  He  must  have  good  health 
and  ability  to  stand  heat. 


BOILER  SHOP  AND  PLATE  SHOP  OR  SHIP  SHED  GROUP 

[For  rxplanntlon  of  "  hand  "  as  used  herein  see  prefatory  statement  and  directions 
for  using  descriptions  and  code  words,  pages  2  and  3.] 

BENDING  ROLL  HAND  BIRD 

Description:  Tiie  duties  of  the  bending  roll  hand  are  to  bend  flat  plates  on 

botli  square  and  diaj^onal  work  to  layout  furnished, 
ftualifications:  The  bending  roll  hand  must  know  the  names,  care,  and  use 
of  the  principal  parts  of  the  machine.  He  must  be  able  to  handle  all 
sizes  and  thicknesses  of  boiler  plate  and  ship  plate.  He  mu.st  be  able 
to  adjust  the  rolls  to  bend  the  plate  to  any  giveu  layout  and  must  be 
able  to  direct  the  work  of  helner.s.  He  should  have  had  similar 
experience  in  a  general  boiler  shop,  railroad  shop,  or  ship  shed. 

BOILER  LAYOUT  MAN  BISON 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  boiler  layout  man  are  to  indicate  by  lines 
and  marks  the  exact  positions  of  the  holes,  shaping,  and  bending  of  the 
various  parts  of  the  boiler. 

Qualifications:  The  boiler  layout  man  should  be  able  to  calculate  and  lay 
out  from  drawings  all  details  of  boiler  construction.  He  must  be  able  to 
lay  out  accurately  templates  for  shell  plates,  heads,  crown  sheets,  angles, 
braces,  tubes,  manholes,  domes,  and  headers.  He  should  have  some 
knowledge  of  the  boiler  maimer's  hand  tools  and  the  regular  punching, 
shearing,  bending,  and  drilling  machinery,  so  that  he  can  lay  out  work 
in  conformity  to  the  shop  requirements.  He  should  have  a  thorough 
knowledge  of  sheet-metal  drawing  and  pattern  layout,  should  have  a 
knowledge  of  applied  mathematics,  including  trigonometry  and  the  use 
of  t'ornuilas.     He  sliould  have  been  an  assistant  to  a  layout  man. 

Schooling:  Common  school,  preferably  high  school. 

BOILER  MAKER  BITE 

Kindred  Occupation:   T;ink  builder. 

Description:  The  boiler  maker's  work  consists  of  general  new  boiler  con- 
struction and  overhauling,  patching,  hot  and  cold  retubing,  and  general 
repair  and  maintenance  of  boilers,  both  fire  and  water  tube. 

Qualifications:  The  boiler  maker  must  be  capable  of  working  from  blue 
prints,  laying  off  plates  and  template  forms,  bending  plates,  punching, 
shearing,  riveting,  chipping,  calking,  and  tube  setting,  and  placing  stag- 
ing. He  must  have  a  practical  knowledge  of  all  phases  of  boiler  con- 
struction and  the  use  of  boiler-shop  machinery  and  tools.  Must  be  capa- 
ble of  straightening  buckled  plates,  patching,  retubing,  making  general 
boiler  repairs,  and  it  is  desirable  that  he  possess  a  woi'king  knowledge 
of  oxyacetylene  welding  and  cutting. 

Schooling:   Common  school. 
IG 


BOILEE  SHOP  AND  PLATE  SHOP  GBOUP  17 

BOILER  MAKER  FOREMAN,  OR  SHOP  SUPERINTENDENT  BLACK 

Kindred  Occupations:  Boiler  maker;  Foreman,  boiler  maker;  General  boiler 
maker. 

Description:  The  expert  boiler  maker  foreman  or  shop  superintendent  lays 
out  and  supervises  construction,  erection,  rebuilding,  or  extensive  gen- 
eral repairs  to  various  forms  of  water-tube,  fire-tube,  and  locomotive 
fh'c-box  boilers  for  stationary,  portable,  or  marine  servite. 

Qualifications:  The  expert  boiler  maker  must  be  thoroughly  experienced  in 
all  practical  phases  of  standard  boiler  construction,  and  familiar  with 
standard  American  Society  of  Mechanical  Engineers'  boiler  code,  able 
to  work  to  drawings  and  sketches,  and  make  necessary  calculations 
for  general  and  detail  layout.  Must  also  be  able  to  lay  out  accurately 
templates  for  shell  plates,  heads,  crown  .sheets,  angles,  braces,  tubes, 
manholes,  domes,  and  headers,  and  understand  boiler  assembly.  Must 
tlioroughly  understand  the  processes  of  shearing,  heating,  straighten- 
ing, bending,  flanging,  scarfing,  punching,  drilling,  reaming,  chipping, 
calking,  and  riveting  with  either  hand  or  pneumatic  tools  and  •'  squeezer." 
Must  be  skilled  in  tube  fitting,  setting  and  bending,  rewelding,  and 
replacement  on  all  classes  of  boilers.  Must  be  practically  familiar  with 
shears,  single  and  gang  punches,  bending  rolls,  flanging  presses,  boiler- 
shop  furnaces,  and  general  boiler  maker's  equipment  and  tools,  includ- 
ing pneumatic  drills  and  hammer,  electric  drills,  and  autogenous  weld- 
ing ai)paratus.  Must  be  able  to  test  new  or  operating  boilers,  make 
quick  surveys  for  repairs,  and  be  thoroughly  familiar  with  straighten- 
ing buckled  plates,  and  be  able  to  make  any  sort  of  boiler  repairs. 

Schooling:  Common  school ;  should  have  had  a  high-school  course,  or  should 
have  studied  independently  mechanical  drawing,  sheet-metal  pattern  lay- 
out, and  applied  mathematics,  including  trigonometry  and  the  use  of 
formulas. 

BOILER   MAKER,   LOCOMOTIVE  BLADE 

Kindred  Occupation:  (ieneral  boiler  maker. 

Description:  The  locomotive  boiler  maker's  work  consists  of  the  assembling, 
erecting,  and  rebuilding  and  of  extensive  general  repairs  to  locomotive 
boilers  of  various  types. 

ftualifications:  The  locomotive  boiler  maker  must  be  a  thoroughly  skilled, 
all-round  boiler  maker,  expei'ienced  in  all  phases  of  fire-tube  boiler  con- 
struction and  repair,  and  e.specially  familiar  with  high-i)ressure  locomo- 
tive boilers.  He  must  i)e  capable  of  working  to  drawings  on  assembly 
and  erection  of  new  locomotives,  received  "  knocked  down  "  or  on  any 
kind  of  repair  of  worn  or  damaged  engines  returned  for  overhauling. 
Must  thoroughly  understand  removing  and  replacing  plates,  fire  boxes, 
tubes,  stays,  stud  bolts,  front  end,  and  ash  pans.  Must  be  a  thorough 
patcher,  hand,  pneumatic,  and  electric  riveter,  chipper,  and  calker,  and 
be  familiar  with  the  use  of  taps,  dies,  and  flue  headers.  Must  under- 
stand heating  of  plates,  bending,  forming,  and  flanging,  and  standard 
boiler  machine-shop  tools,  such  as  shears,  bending  rolls,  punches,  flanging 
passes,  and  stay-bolt  shears.  He  should  have  an  iniuivalent  of  an  ai>- 
prenticeship  and  considerable  experience  as  a  journeyman. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 


18  METAL- WORKING   INDUSTRIES 

BOILER  MAKER'S  HELPER  BLANK 

Description:   Tlu,'  duly  of  Uic  lioilor  iiiaUor's  hclpor  is  to  ussist  tlio  boiler 

maker  in  fiittinf:  out  bolts,  riveting  by  hiind,  and  holding  the  club  or 

"dolly"  for  tlio  rivo((»rs.     IIo  is  usually  in  training  to  become  a  boiler 

inaUcr. 
Qualifications:  'J'lic  boiler  maker's  beli)er  should  be  a  youu;,'  man  pbysieally 

lit,  Willi  the  desire  to  become  a  boiler  maker. 
Schooling:    <'ommou  school;  should  eitlier  understand  mechanical  drawing 

and  applied  malliematics  or  be  willing  to  pursue  an  independent  course 

along  1h(>se  lines. 

DRILLER    AND   COUNTERSINKER,   OR    DRILL-PRESS   HAND  DANDY 

IN  SHIP  SHED  OR  BOILER  SHOP 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  driller  and  countersinker  are  to  drill,  ream, 

and  countersiidc  holes  in  plates,  bars,  angle  iron,  and  channel  iron. 
Qualifications:  The  driller  and  countersinker  in  a  boiler-plate  shop  or  ship 
shed  must  be  able  to  handle  and  drill  accurately  to  layout  all  sizes  of 
boiler  plate  and  ship  plale.  He  must  know  how  to  make  all  set-ups  and 
adjustments  of  the  drill  parts  and  must  direct  the  work  of  helpers; 
should  have  a  knowledge  of  speeds,  feeds,  and  drill  sizes.  He  should 
be  able  to  grind  drills  and  should  have  had  similar  experience  in  a  rail- 
road shop,  ship  shed,  or  general  boiler  shop. 

FLANGE  TURNER  FEAR 

Description:   The  duties  of  the  flange  turner  are  to  flange  plates,  hot  or 

cold,  either  by  hand  or  by  power  press  to  lines  laid  out  on  plates. 
Qualifications:  The  flange  turner  must  use  skillfully  all  hand  and  machine 
flange-turning  tools  and  must  make  all  machine  adjustments.  He  must 
be  able  to  straighten  plate  after  flange  is  turned.  He  must  direct  the 
work  of  helpers.  He  should  have  had  a  similar  experience  in  a  boiler 
shop  or  in  a  ship  shed. 

FLTIE   SETTER,   LOCOMOTIVE  FEAST 

Description:  The  locomotive-flue  setter's  work  consists  of  making  locomo- 
tive or  other  types  of  boiler-tube  setting,  cutting,  and  replacing. 
Qualifications:  The  locomotive-flue  setter  must  be  thoroughly  experienced 
in  all  phases  of  boiler-tube  work,  especially  locomotive  types  for  steam 
pressures  up  to  250  pounds  pressure.  Must  be  expert  in  boiler  construc- 
tion, placing,  rolling,  beading,  and  in  tightening  leaky  tubes,  cutting  out 
defective  tubes,  and  replacing.  Must  be  skilled  in  the  use  of  flue  rollers, 
spring  expanders,  tube-cutting  tools,  and  pneumatic  hammers,  and  in 
chipping  and  calking.  Should  have  had  like  experience  in  locomotive 
plant,  railroad  repair  sliop,  or  boiler  shop. 
Schooling:   Common  school. 

FLUE   -WELDER  FAME 

Description:   The  flue  welder's  duties  consist  of  welding  and  lengthening 

locomotive  and  other  types  of  boiler  tubes. 
Qualifications:  The  flue  welder  must  be  thoroughly  experienced  in  the 
process  of  roller  or  pneumatic  hammer  welding  or  reending  of  boiler 
tubes  or  flues.  Must  thoroughly  understand  the  use  of  flue-welding  fur- 
naces and  the  proper  heating  of  tubes  for  perfect  weld ;  and  understand 
the  danger  of  burning  metal.  Should  also  understand  cutting  out  tubes 
and  be  able  to  prepare  tubes  for  welding.  He  should  have- had  experience 
as  a  flue  welder  in  a  locomotive  plant,  railroad  locomotive  repair  shop, 
general  boiler  shop,  or  industrial  shop. 


BOILER  SHOP  AND  PLATE   SHOP  GROUP  19 

HOLDER  ON  AND  BUCKER  UP  HANDY 

Kindred  Occupations:  Riveter;  Rivet  heater;  Structural  erector's  helper. 
Description;  The  duties  of  the  holder  on  and  bucker  up  are  holding  the 
"  dolly  bar,"  or  holding  on  hammer,  and  as  riveter's  helper  on  any  class 
of  hand  or  pneumatic  riveting. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  experienced  in  the  use  of  the  "dolly  bar,"  as 
"  holder  on  "  or  "  bucker  up,"  and  have  sufficient  knowledge  of  pneumatic 
and  hand  riveting  to  work  with  the  riveter.  He  must  be  familiar  with 
the  proper  handling  and  placing  of  rivets.  It  is  desirable  that  he  under- 
stand rivet  heating.  He  should  have  had  experience  in  structural,  plate, 
tank,  or  boiler  shop,  or  in  field  work  on  tank,  bridge,  or  steel  structures. 

HTDRATJLIC  OR  PNEUMATIC  PRESS  HAND  HANG 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  press  hand  are  to  operate  a  hydraulic  or 
pneumatic-operated  press,  to  press  or  bend  a  plate  to  form  indicated  by 
the  layout  furnished. 
Qualifications:  The  hydraulic  or  pneumatic  press  hand  should  know  the 
names,  care,  and  use  of  the  principal  parts  of  the  tools ;  be  able  to  set 
and  adjust  punches,  and  make  all  machine  adjustments  necessary  for 
doing  accurate  punching  according  to  the  layout  furnished.  He  should 
have  worked  as  a  helper  and  have  done  considerable  independent  punch- 
ing on  large  plate  work. 

MANGLE  ROLLER  OR  MANGLE-ROLL  HAND  MARE 

Description:   The  duties  of  the  mangle-roll  hand  are  to  straighten  cold  plates 

in  rolls  called  the  mangle  rolls. 
Qualifications:  The  maugle-roU  hand  must  know  the  names,  care,  and  use 
of  the  i)rincipal  parts  of  his  machine.  He  must  be  able  to  adjust  the 
rolls  St)  as  to  straighten  all  sizes  and  thicknesses  of  boiler  plate  and  ship 
plate.  He  must  be  able  to  direct  the  work  of  helpers  and  should  have 
had  similar  experience  in  a  general  boiler  shop,  locomotive  shop,  or  in  a 
ship  shed. 

OFFSETTING  MACHINE  HAND  OBEY 

Description:  Tlie  dutie.s  of  the  offsetting  machine  hand  are  to  run  an 
olTsetiing  or  joggling  press  to  bend  plates,  angle  irons,  tee  irons,  channel 
irons,  and  bars,  and  to  make  them  overlap  in  the  making  up  of  joints 
and  structural  shiipes. 
Qualifications:  The  ofisetting  machine  hand  must  know  the  names,  care, 
and  u.se  of  the  principal  parts  of  an  offsetting  machine;  must  be  able 
to  make  all  macliiue  adjustments  and  all  measurements  necessary  to  off- 
set plates,  angle  irons,  channel  irons,  and  bars.  He  must  be  able  to 
direct  the  work  of  helpers  and  should  have  had  a  similar  experience  in  a 
general  boiler  shop,  railroad  shop,  or  ship  shed. 

PLANER  AND  SCARFER,  OR  PLANER  HAND  IN  BOILER  SHOP  PEARL 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  planer  or  scarfer  are  to  plane  off  the  edges 

of  plates  according  to  layouts  furnished. 
Qualifications:   He  must  know  the  names,  care,  and  use  of  the  principal 
parts  of  his  machine  and  be  able  to  make  all  necessary  machine  adjust- 
ments.    He  must  be  able  to  handle  large  heavy  plates  and  to  direct  the 
work  of  helpers. 


20  METAL-WORKING  INDUSTRIES 

PUNCHER.  OR  PUNCH  PRESS  HAND  PEASE 

Dcbcrlptlon:  The  duties  of  tlie  puncher  are  to  punch  plates,  channels,  bars, 

niiKles,  etc.,  to  layout  furnished  by  layout  man. 
ftualificatioas:    He   must   be   able   to   operate   single   and   multiple   punch 

j)resses  working  on  large  plates,  channels,  angles,  etc.,  to  set  punches  and 

dies  and  ko('p  tlioni  in  condition.     He  must  be  able  to  direct  the  work  of 

helpers. 
Schooling:  Common  school. 

RIVETER,  HAND  RAP 

Kindred  Occupations:  Blacksmith;  Boiler  maker;  Riveter;  Steel  carframer; 

Tank  builder. 
Description:  The  duties  of  the  hand  i-iveter  consist  of  hand  riveting,  calk- 
ing, and  chipping  on  any  class  of  plate,  tank,  or  structural  work. 
Qualifications:  The  hand  riveter  must  have  had  thorough  practical  experi- 
ence in  the  use  of  hand  tools  for  riveting,  chipping,  and  calking,  in  con- 
struction and  repair  work  of  all  kinds  on  boilers,  plates,  tanks,  structural 
steel  frames,  automobile  frames  and  chassis.  He  must  be  thoroughly 
familiar  with  the  use  of  drifts,  reamers,  hand  reamers,  holders  on,  and 
understand  proper  heating,  riveting,  and  setting  on  any  class  of  rivet 
v»ork. 

RIVETER,  PNEUMATIC  RAPID 

Description:  The  pneumatic  riveter  on  boiler  plate,  ship  plate,  and  on 
structural  steel  must  be  able  to  do  all  classes  of  riveting  on  steel  plates 
over  one-fourth  inch  thick. 
Qualifications:  The  pneumatic  riveter  must  be  able  to  operate  skillfully  all 
sizes  and  kinds  of  pneumatic  hammers  used  in  riveting.  He  should 
understand  the  proper  drawing  of  rivets  and  the  setting  of  joints  to 
make  them  water  tight  and  steam  tight.  He  must  direct  the  work  of  rivet 
heaters,  holders  on,  and  rivet  passers. 

RIVET  HEATER  RARE 

Kindred  Occupations:  Blacksmith's  helper;  Riveter's  helper. 
Description:  The  duties  of  the  rivet  heater  are  rivet  heating  in  connection 
with  structural-steel  work,  boiler  making,  automobile  truck  frames,  and 
railroad  locomotive  or  car  shops ;  or  in  shipbuilding. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  capable  of  operating  all  kinds  of  rivet-heating 
forges  under  all  conditions  and  in  difficult  localities,  and  be  able  to 
maintain  the  forge  at  proper  heat  and  deliver  properly  heated  rivets  to 
the  riveter.  He  must  be  skilled  in  the  rapid  handling  of  rivets  and  in 
tossing  or  delivering  them  to  the  proper  point.  He  should  have  had 
similar  experience  with  erecting,  manufacturing,  or  railroad  construction 
work,  or  in  a  shipyard. 

SAWYER,  METAL   SHOP  SERGE 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  sawyer  in  the  metal  shop  are  to  cut  off  with 
a  toothless  disk  saw  material  such  as  beams,  angle  irons,  channel  irons, 
and  eyebeams. 
Qualifications:  The  sawyer  must  know  the  names,  care,  and  use  of  the 
principal  parts  of  the  machine.  He  must  be  able  to  make  all  machine  ad- 
justments, regulate  speeds  and  feeds,  and  cut  off  stock  to  correct  dimen- 
sions furnished  either  on  drawings  or  by  a  layout  man.  He  must  be  able 
to  direct  the  work  of  helpers  and  should  have  had  a  similar  experience 
in  a  ship  shed,  locomotive  shop,  or  on  structural  iron. 


BOILER   SHOP  AND  PLATE   SHOP  GBOTJP  21 

SHEAR  HAND    (Boiler  shop,  blacksmith   shop,   or  plate  shed)  SIREN 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  shear  hand  are  to  run  shears  in  the  black- 
smith shop,  boiler  shop,  or  plate  shed  for  the  cutting  of  all  kinds  of 
stock  used  in  the  respective  departments. 
Qualifications:  He  should  know  the  name,  care,  and  use  of  the  principal 
parts  of  the  machine,  should  be  able  to  set  the  machine  and  check  up 
measurements  in  drawings  and  specifications.  He  must  be  able  to  order 
stock  and  know  how  to  cut  stock  for  various  purposes.  He  should  have 
had  experience  as  a  helper  and  should  have  had  considerable  experience 
as  a  shear  hand. 
Schooling:  Common  school. 


DRAFTSMAN,  MECHANICAL,  GROUP 

For  the  purfxiso  of  this  classification  a  mechanical  draftsman  will  be 
considered  in  a  group  as  follows: 

Detailer.  Tool  Designer. 

Machine  Designer.  Tracer. 

Mechanical  Draftsman. 

DETAILER  DARBY 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  detailer  are  to  draw  in  detail  from  the 
wiiernl  drawing  the  parts  of  any  given  machine. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  skillful  in  the  use  of  the  tee  square,  triangle, 
full  set  of  drawing  instruments,  and  the  protractor.  He  must  under- 
stand the  relation  of  the  mechanical  drawing  views;  must  be  familiar 
with  common  stocks  of  material,  such  as  bolts,  nuts,  and  washers, 
and  familiar  with  the  standard  sizes  of  drills,  taps,  and  dies,  and 
with  the  general  principles  of  dimension  drawings.  He  should  know 
the  common  shop  terms,  such  as  drill,  ream,  tap,  bore,  grind,  taper, 
face,  and  finish.  He  should  be  over  16  years  of  age.  He  should  have 
good  health  and  exceptionally  good  eyesight.  He  should  have  had 
experience  as  a  tracer. 

Schooling:  Two  years  in  high  school,  preferably  trade  school  or  technical 
high  school. 


MACHINE  DESIGNER  MAST 

Description:   The  duty  of  the  machine  designer  is  to  design  new  machines 
and   machine   attachments. 

Note. — In  specifying  a  designer  under  this  code,  if  special  experience 
is  required,  it  will  be  necessary  to  specify  with  the  code  word  the  par- 
ticular type  of  machine  or  machine  part  to  be  designed.  For  example: 
Adding  machine,  automobile  transmission,  automobile  steering  gear. 
Qualifications:  The  designer  should  be  an  experienced  mechanical  drafts- 
man (see  Mechanical  draftsman)  ;  should  understand  advanced  pro- 
jecting, trigonometry,  mechanics,  strength  of  material,  and  the  theory 
of  design.  He  should  be  familiar  with  a  standard  text  and  reference 
book.    He  should  have  good  health  and  exceptionally  good  eyesight. 

He  should  have  had   machine-shop   experience  and  all-round   factory 
experience,  and  must  have  a  complete  understanding  of  the  working  of 
the  type  of  machine  or  machine  part  to  be  designed. 
Schooling:    Not  less  than  high  school ;   he  should  preferably  be  an  engi- 
neering graduate. 

Note. — In  many  cases  the  designer  has  grown  up  with  the  busi- 
ness and  has  obtained  an  equivalent  to  the  schooling  called  for  above 
without  having  attended  any  of  the  specified  schools. 


DRAFTSMAN,    MECHANICAL,   GROUP  23 

MECHANICAL  DRAFTSMAN  MAT 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  mechanical  draftsman  are  to  make  draw- 
ings of  machines  fro'ni  sketches  or  from  data  furnished  by  tlie  desi^rner. 
Qualifications:  Tie  must  use  skillfully  the  tee  square,  triangle,  full  set  of 
drawing  instruments,  and  protractor,  and  must  understand  the  rela- 
tion of  the  views  of  mechanical  drawings  and  must  be  able  to  make 
layouts  and  developments,  such  as  are  used  in  sheet  metal  work.  He 
must  be  familiar  with  the  common  stocks  of  material,  such  as  bolts,  nuts, 
washers,  and  common  sizes  of  stock  iron  and  steel  rods  and  bars,  and 
familiar  with  the  standard  types  and  sizes  of  drill  taps,  dies,  reamers, 
and  gear  cutters.  He  must  understand  mathematics  and  mechanics 
so  that  he  can  niake  all  calculations,  layouts,  and  developments,  and 
know  something  of  the  principles  of  the  strength  of  materials.  He 
should  be  familiar  with  the  use  of  reference  books,  such  as  hand  books 
and  catalogues.  He  should  know  the  shop  terni.s,  such  as  drill,  ream,  tap, 
bore,  grind,  taper,  face,  and  finish.  He  should  know  foundry  and  pattern 
room  notations  and  be  familiar  with  all  drawing  conventions.  He 
should  be  18  years  of  age  or  over ;  should  have  good  health  and 
exceptionally  good  eyesight. 

He  should  have  had  experience  as  a  tracer  and  detailer.  and  prefer- 
ably one  to  two  years'  machine-shop  experience. 
Schooling:   Not  less  than  two  years  in  high  school  or  the  equivalent,  pref- 
erably trade  school  or  technical  high  school. 

TOOL  DESIGNER  TENOR 

Description:   The  duties  of  the  tool  designer  are  to  design  special  tools. 
jigs,  and  fixtures,  such  as  screws,  machine  fixtures,  turret  lathe  fixtures, 
milling  machine  tools,  boring  bars,  and  stamping,  forming,  and  drawing 
dies. 
Qualifications:   He  must  be  a  skilled  draftsman    (see  Mechanical  drafts- 
man)  and  should  have  had  experience  as  a  machinist  working  on  the 
types  of  machines  for  which  he  Is  to  design  tools.    He  should  have  good 
health  and  exceptionally  good  ej'esight. 
Schooling:  High-school  graduate,  preferably  technical  high  school  or  college. 
Note. — In    many    cases    tool    designers    have    worked    tliemsel'os    up 
through  the  shop  and  drafting  room  and  have  acquired  the  equivalent 
of  the  specified  schooling  without  having  attended  the  school. 

TRACER  TENSE 

Description:   The  duties  of  the  tracer  are  to  copy  drawings  by  tracing 

ilicin  with  ink  on  transparent  cloth  or  paper. 
Qualifications:  He  should  be  able  to  use  skillfully  the  tee  square,  triangle, 
ruling  pen,  bow  pen,  and  compass  pen.  He  should  understand  the  rela- 
tion of  mechanical  drawing  views  and  be  familiar  with  the  conventions 
and  symbols  for  such  things  as  screw  threads  and  bolt  heads.  He  should 
do  accurate  and  rapid  free-hand  lettering;  should  be  able  to  file  blue 
prints ;  have  a  good  knowledge  of  common  and  decimal  fractions.  He 
should  know  the  connnon  shop  terms,  such  as  drill,  ream,  tap,  bore, 
grind,  taper,  finish,  and  face.  May  be  a  man  or  woman.  He  must  have 
good  health  and  particularly  ;:ood  eyesight. 
Schooling:   Common  school,  preferably  high  school. 


FOUNDRY  AND  PATTERN-MAKING  GROUP 

CHIPPER,  WELDING  SHOP  OR  FOUNDRY  CHORE 

Description:  The  diilios  of  the  chipper  are  U>  use  eillier  hand  or  pneumatic 

cliiscls  in  chijiijinj;  away  surplus  metal. 
Qualifications:   The  chipper  should  he  skilled  in  (lie  use  of  hand  cold  chisels 

an<l  hammer,  .and  in  the  use  of  i)neumatic  chippinj,'  niiicbinery.    He  should 

ho  ai)!e  to  handle  liKJit  or  heavy  work  and  to  chi[)  to  a  comparatively 

smooth  surface. 

CORE  MAKER,  GENERAL  CHUB 

Kindred  Occupations:  Core  maker's  helper;  Molder. 

Description:  The  core  maker  does  core  making  of  any  kind  and  f<n-  any 
class  of  casting  for  which  a  core  box  is  furnished. 

ftualifications:  The  core  maker  must  be  practically  experienced  in  general 
iron,  brass,  or  steel  foundry  core  marking,  with  a  thorough  knowledge  of 
materials,  methods,  and  tools  of  the  trade,  and  ability  to  make  up  small 
or  large  cores  of  green  or  dry  sand,  either  molded  or  built  up.  both 
simple  and  intricate.  Should  know  how  to  mix  and  make  core  stock 
and  be  familiar  with  coke  or  gas  ovens  for  core  baking.  He  should  have 
had  thorough  experience  in  a  large  general  iron  or  steel  foundry  or  in  a 
foundry  of  a  large  manufacturing  plant. 

CUPOLA  TENDER  CHUCK 

Kindred  Occupations:   Foimdry  foreman;  Iron  foundry  melter. 
Description:   The  cupola  tender  attends  to  the  operation  and  maintenance 

of  cupolas  in  an  iron  foundry, 
ftualifications:  The  cupola  tender  must  be  thoroughly  experienced  and  prac- 
tical, familiar  with  different  grades  of  material  used,  and  have  a  knowl- 
edge of  proper  beds  for  cupolas.  He  must  be  familiar  w'ith  the  propor- 
tion of  fuel,  iron,  and  flux  producing  different  quantities  and  different 
grades  of  iron.  He  should  be  i"amiliar  with  the  lining  up  of  cupolas  and 
making  minor  repairs ;  must  be  able  to  determine  the  proper  heat  of 
weld  for  all  grades  of  iron  mixtures ;  and  must  be  able  to  tap  off  and 
run  in  ladles.  He  must  be  competent  to  take  entire  charge  of  the 
operation  of  a  cupola  for  an  iron  foundry.  He  should  have  had  like 
experience  in  a  general  iron  foundry  or  as  cupola  tender  for  a  foundry 
or  manufacturing  plant. 

FOUNDRY  HELPER  AND  LABORER  FLASK 

As  follows,  Casting  cleaner;  Coke  and  coal  heaver;  Ladler;  Pig  breaker; 

Rattler ;  Rough  grinder ;  Sand  shoveler. 
Description:  Foundry  helpers  and  laborers  do  the  general  cleaning  up  and 

help  in  pouring,  cupola  tending,  and  handling  of  stocks. 
ftualifications:  He  should  have  good  physical  strength  and  ability  to  stand 

heat. 

FOUNDRY  MAN,  FOREMAN  FEED 

Kindred  Occupations:   Foundry  man;  Steel  foundry  man. 
Description:   The  foundry  foreman  has  general  supervision  and  operating 

charge  of  an  iron  or  steel  foundry. 

24 


FOUNDRY   AXD  PATTERN-MAKING   GROUP  25 

Qualifications:  The  foundry  foreman  must  be  thoroughly  experienced  in  all 
details  of  general  foundry  work  and  have  had  charge  of  a  modern  iron 
or  steel  foundry.  He  must  be  practically  experienced  in  green  and  dry 
sand  and  loam  molding  and  be  familiar  with  all  up-to-date  foundry  and 
cupola  practice,  with  some  knowledge  of  pattern  making.  He  must 
possess  good  judgment  in  laying  out  work  in  a  foundry  according  to  draw- 
ings, the  proper  selection  of  materials,  melting  and  mixing,  direction, 
setting  up  and  handling  of  large  flasks  on  the  floor,  and  the  use  of  over- 
head cranes.  He  must  fully  understand  proper  treatment  and  care  of 
furnaces  and  cupola  lining  and  relining.  He  should  have  a  thorough 
knowledge  of  core  work  and  buildin;;  up  large  or  intricate  molds,  and 
understand  use  of  sand  blast,  tumbling,  and  pickling.  He  should  have 
had  experience  as  foreman  in  a  foundry  of  an  industrial  plant  or  in 
charge  of  a  steel  or  iron  foundry. 

GRINDER,  ROUGH  EMERY,  WELDING  SHOP  AND  FOUNDRY  GAY 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  rough  emery  grinder  in  welding  shop  and 
foundry  are  to  grind  ofi:  all  surplus  metal  left  from  chipping  and  weld- 
ing, to  grind  off  sprew  lugs,  and  to  grind  rough  places  on  castings. 

ftualifications:  The  rough  emery  grinder  must  be  able  to  dress  and  true 
emery  wheels  and  keep  the  grinding  stand  in  running  order.  He  should 
have  good  health  and  strength. 

MELTER,  BRASS,  FOREMAN  MARK 

Kindred  Occupations:  Brass-furnace  tender;  Melter. 

Description:  The  brass  melter  supervises  the  operation  and  maintenance  of 
melting  furnaces  in  a  brass  foundry. 

ftualifications:  The  brass  melter  must  be  thoroughly  skilled  in  handling 
common  muUle,  crucible,  and  open-hearth  furnaces,  stationary  or  tilting, 
and  in  melting  special  bronzes  and  common  brass  alloys,  using  coal,  coke, 
gas,  or  oil  fuel.  He  must  possess  a  knowledge  of  various  brass  mix- 
tures, such  as  manganese  bronze,  bearing  metals,  government  bronze, 
general  brass,  and  bronze  castings,  as  well  as  antimony,  zinc,  and  lead 
metals.  He  must  be  capable  of  producing  definite  alloys  from  specified 
proportions  and  of  judging  of  compositions  of  various  brass  metals.  He 
should  have  had  experience  as  brass  foundry  furnace  operator  in  an 
iudustHal  concern. 

MELTER.  OPEN-HEARTH  MARRY 

Kindred    Ccciipations:     t'oreman ;    Foundryman ;    Heater;    .Steel    couvortor 

man  ;  Steel  mill  melter. 
Description:  The  open  hearth  melter  attends  to  the  operation  and  main- 
tenance of  open-hearth  fiu-naces  in  a  steel  foundry, 
ftualifications:  The  open-liearth  melter  nuist  be  thoroughly  experienced  in 
operating  regenerative  open-hearth  furnaces  for  melting  steel  in  the 
ma>iuf'icture  of  steel  castings,  using  oil  or  producer  gas  fuel.  He  must 
liave  a  working  knowledge  of  different  mixtures  of  iron  and  scrap  and 
of  making  the  final  addition  to  the  metal;  capable  of  determining  when 
the  metal  is  propc)-ly  melted  and  ready  to  pour  so  that  it  will  make 
satisfactory  steel  castings  of  predetermined  composition.  He  should  be 
capable  of  making  minor  repairs  to  the  open-hearth  furnace,  keeping 
it  in  good  condition,  and  should  i)e  familiar  with  the  operation  of  oil 
burners  and  main  gas  and  air  valves.  He  should  have  had  similar  ex- 
perience in  a  .steel  foundry  making  high-grade  general  castings  or  in  a 
steel  mill. 


20  METAL- WORKING  INDUSTRIES 

MOLDER,  IRON  AND  BRASS  (Bench  and  small  floor  castings)  MARSH 

Kindred    Occupations:     l>"<>umlry    worker;    .M<tl(l(,'r".s    helper;    Stool    foundry 

iiiolder. 
Description:  Tlio  boiicli  iron  iiml  luass  nioldor  doos  foundry  work  on  molds 

for  iron  or  brass  castliifjs  on  all  sizes  and  shapes  of  castings. 
Qualiflcations:  Tlie  iron  and  l)rass  inolder  must  be  a  thoroughly  experi- 
enced priietieal  inoldcr  on  niisc(?l!aneous  and  moderately  large  5ron  and 
brass  foundry  worlt.  He  should  liave  tiiorough  litiowJedge  of  general 
foundry  praclice  and  l)e  al)le  to  produce  lii-st-class  worlv  for  simple  or 
iiiti-ical(?  castiiifxs.  lie  should  b(!  fanuliar  with  the  nature  of  molding 
sands,  al)lo  lo  nu'x  th(^  same,  and  make  dry-sand  facing  washes.  He  sliould 
understand  core  making  and  setting,  gating,  and  sprew  placing  for  best 
results.  He  must  be  fiimili.ir  with  lifting  and  handling  small  and  medium 
size  nidids,  and  should  have  some  knowledge  of  the  use  of  molding 
machines  and  best  mixtures  of  sand,  and  have  a  knowledge  of  the  cast- 
ing temperatures  of  iron  and  brass.  He  should  have  had  thorough  ex- 
perience in  some  commercial  foundry. 

MOLDER,  LARGE  FLOOR  CASTINGS  MART 

Description:    The  floor  molder  erects  molds  for  castings  large  enough  to 

re(iuire  crane  ladles. 
Qualifications:  Tlie  floor  molder  of  large  castings  must  thoroughly  under- 
stand the  placing  of  molds  and  the  setting  of  cores  so  as  to  obtain  the 
best  results  in  casting.  He  should  thoroughly  understand  the  placing 
of  the  molds  .so  as  to  bring  in  all  the  parts  of  the  castings  that  ai*e  to  be 
machined  in  such  position  that  they  will  not  accumulate  the  slag  or  other 
impurities  of  the  iron.  He  must  be  able  to  direct  the  work  of  helpers, 
know  how  to  handle  large  masses  of  molten  iron,  and  have  a  thorough 
mastery  of  sweep  pattern  making.  He  should  have  had  experience  as  a 
helper  and  a  journeyman  molder,  sufficient  to  handle  such  work  as 
machine  tool  beds,  cast  columns,  and  heavy  engine  beds  and  fly  wheels. 
Schooling:  Common  school. 

MOLDER,  STEEL  MASH 

Kindred     Occupations:     Brass    foundry    molder;     Iron    foundry     molder; 

Molder's  helper. 
Description:  The  steel  molder  does  steel  foundry  work  on  molds  for  semi- 
steel  or  steel  castings. 
Qualifications:  The  steel  molder  must  be  a  thoroughly  experienced  practical 
molder  for  small  or  large  steel  castings  for  any  purpose.  He  should 
have  comprehensive  knowledge  of  general  steel-foundry  practice,  and  be 
able  to  produce  first-class  work  for  simple  or  intricate  castings.  He 
should  be  familiar  with  the  nature  of  molding  sands  and  core  sands  and 
their  mixing,  especially  for  steel  castings,  and  understand  mixing  face 
washes.  He  should  be  thoroughly  experienced  in  the  making,  setting, 
and  supporting  of  cores  of  all  kinds,  and  proper  gating,  sprewing,  and 
lifting  and  handling  molds.  He  should  be  capable  of  building  floor  molds 
and  should  understand  the  use  of  pneumatic  rammers.  He  should  have 
some  knowledge  of  furnace  mixtures  and  proper  casting  temperatures 
for  desired  results.  He  should  have  had  general  experience  in  a  commer- 
cial steel  foundry,  or  foundry  of  a  large  manufacturing  plant,  or  in  a  gen- 
eral iron  foundry. 

PATTERN  MAKER,  METAL  PEAT 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  metal  pattern  maker  are  to  make  metal 
forms  by  the  use  of  which  the  foundry  man  shapes  the  mold  for  the  pur- 
pose of  producing  metal  castings. 


FOUNDRY  AND   PATTERX-MAKIXG   GROUP  27 

Qualifications:  The  metal  pattern  maker  must  kuow  the  foundry  require- 
ments of  the  pattern ;  must  be  able  to  work  from  drawings  sufRciently 
well  to  make  all  pattern  layouts  from  the  ordinary  shop  drawinfrs.  He 
should  be  able  to  scrape,  file,  chip,  drill,  solder,  and  do  lathe  work,  mill- 
ing-machine work,  planer  work,  and  drill-press  work.  He  should  under- 
stand pattern  gauging  and  the  making  of  metal  core  boxes.  He  should 
be  thoroughly  familiar  with  all  types  of  wood  pattern  making.  He  should 
have  good  strength  and  ordinary  health  and  endurance.  He  nmst  have  had 
experience  as  an  apprentice  and  as  a  journeyman  metal  pattern  maker. 

Schooling:  Common  school;  preferably  trade  .school  or  technical  high  school. 

PATTERN  MAKER'S  HELPEK  OR  APPRENTICE,  METAL  PECK 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  metal  pattern  maker's  lielper  are  to  make 
various  parts  of  metal  patterns  under  t'.ie  directi»»n  of  the  pattern  maker 
foreman  or  any  skilled  metal  pattern  maker. 
Qualifications:  The  metnl  p.ittern  milker's  helper  must  be  over  IG  years  of 
age  and  have  shown  a  liking  for  the  pattern-making  trade,  either  being 
able  to  read  mechanical  drawings  and  do  necessary  mathematical  cal- 
culations or  have  a  willingness  to  pursue  an  independent  line  of  studies 
along  these  lines.  He  must  have  good  health,  ordinary  strength,  and 
endurance. 
Schooling:  Common  school ;  preferably  trade  school  or  technical  high  school. 

PATTERN  MAKER'S  HELPER  OR  APPRENTICE,  'WOOD  PEDAL 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  pattern  maker's  helper  are  to  make  various 
parts  of  wood  patterns  under  the  direction  of  the  pattern  maker  and  to 
assist  him  in  getting  out  stock. 
Qualifications:  The  pattern  maker's  helper  must  be  over  16  years  of  age  and 
have  shown  a  liking  for  the  pattern-making  trade,  eitlier  being  able  to 
read  mechanical  drawings  and  do  necessary  mathematical  calculations 
or  have  a  willingness  to  pursue  an  independent  line  of  .studies  along 
these  lines.  He  must  have  good  health,  ordinary  strength,  and  endur- 
ance. 
Schooling:  Common  school ;  preferably  trade  school  or  technical  high  school. 

PATTERN  MAKER,  WOOD  PEEL 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  wood  pattern  maker  are  to  make  the  wooden 
forms  by  the  use  of  which  the  foundryman  shapes  a  mold  for  the  pur- 
pose of  producing  metal  castings. 
Qualifications:  As  a  woodworker  the  pattern  maker  nnist  be  an  all-round 
skilled  man  in  the  use  of  common  bench,  woodworking,  and  turning 
tools,  and  in  the  operation  of  such  woodworking  machinery  as  the  jointer, 
planer,  circular  saw,  band  saw.  disk  sander,  and  special  core-box  ma- 
chinery. He  must  know  the  best  kind  of  wood  to  use  in  any  given  pat- 
tern. He  mu.st  understand  draft  and  shrinkage  as  applied  to  pattern 
making  and  must  have  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  most  complex 
mechanical  drawings,  so  that  he  will  be  able  to  make  n  pattern  drawing 
sketch  from  the  shop  drawing.  He  nmst  understand  core  making  and  the 
allowance  for  core  and  core  print  in  the  construction  of  the  pattern. 
He  must  be  re.sourceful  and  able  to  determine  quickly  the  best  method 
of  making  the  pattern.  He  must  know  pattern  finishes  and  the  care  of 
finishing  material  and  brushes.  He  must  have  good  health,  ordinary 
strength,  and  endurance.  He  must  have  had  experience  as  a  journey- 
man pattern  maker. 
Schooling:  Common  school;  preferably  teciinical  high  school  or  trade  school. 


MACHINE  SHOP  GROUP 

INSPECTION  GROUP 

INSPECTOR  OF  FINAL  ASSEMBLY  IDLER 

Description:   The  duty  of  the  Inspector  of  final  assembly  is  to  check  the 

.Mssenil)lin;^  of  all  parts  entering  into  the  finished  product. 
Qualifications:   The  inspector  of  final   assembly  should  be  able  to   read 

(lra\viiij,'s;  should  check  all  adjustments  and  understand  tight,  loose,  and 

running  fits ;  should  know  the  requirements  of  machine  finish  and  should 

know  the  Importance  of  lock  nuts,  cotter  pins,  and  similar  devices  and  the 

general  details  of  construction. 

Note. — In  specifying  an  inspector  of  final  assembly  it  is  necessary  to 

use,  with  the  code  word,  the  name  of  the  particular  kind  of  machine 

that  is  to  be  inspected. 
Schooling:   Common  school. 

INSPECTOR  OF  MACHINE  PARTS  INDEX 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  inspector  of  parts  are  to  check  all  meas- 
urements with  the  drawings,  to  check  all  errors  in  machining  and  of 
flaws  in  material, 
ftualifications:  The  inspector  of  parts  must  use  the  standard  measuring 
tools,  such  as  scales,  calipers,  micrometers,  verniers,  combination  squares, 
protractors,  plug,  snap  and  special  gauges  and  test  fixtures.  He  should 
read  drawings  and  be  able  to  check  drawing  measurements.  He  must 
understand  machine  finish  and  adjustment  of  all  pieces  that  he  is 
inspecting. 

Note. — When  a  specification  is  placed  under  the  general  heading  of 
"  Inspector  of  machine  parts  "  it  is  understood  that  the  inspector  under- 
stands the  use  of  standard  measuring  tools,  but  that  the  employer  will 
give  the  necessary  information  concerning  all  special  gauges  and  tools 
and  the  mechanical  requirements  of  all  pieces  to  be  inspected. 
Schooling:   Common  school. 

INSPECTOR,  ROUGH  STOCK  IDLY 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  rough-stock  inspector  are  to  inspect  all 
stock,  such  as  plate  stock,  bar  stock,  forgings,  and  castings  before  they 
are  delivered  to  the  fabricating  department. 

ftualifications:  The  rough-stock  inspector  should  be  thoroughly  familiar 
with  castings,  forgings.  galvanizing,  and  plating.  He  should  have  a 
thorough  knowledge  of  hot  and  cold  rolled  steel,  machinery  steel,  and 
tool  steel,  and  should  be  able  to  check  sizes  and  deieruiine  whether  or 
not  they  correspoiul  to  specifications.  He  should  have  had  similar 
experience  in  a  foundry  and  blacksmith  shop,  also  in  gas  and  electric 
welding  department. 

Schooling:    Common    school,    preferably    some    technical    training    in    the 
physical  properties  of  metal. 
28 


MACHINE  ASSEMBLER,  ERECTOR,  AND  FITTER  GROUP 

MACZINE  ASSEMBLER  MATCH 

Tlie  u.sst'iiihk'i-  is  deliiied  in  this  description  as  one  who  puts  together  the 
pieces  tliat  compose  a  i)art  of,  or  all  of,  a  machine.  He  is  not  supposed 
to  remove  stock  more  than  to  tile  off  burrs  or  tool  blemishes. 

Qualifications:  The  assembler  must  learn  the  proi^er  use  of  screw  drivers, 
wrenches,  and  other  assembling  tools. 

Note. — It  is  understood  that  if  a  specification  calls  for  an  assembler, 
under  the  general  heading  of  "  Machine  assembler,"  the  employer  is 
prepared  to,  and  expects  to,  give  the  necessary  training  for  the  work 
desired. 

If  an  assembler  for  any  particular  machine  or  machine  part  is  desired, 
the  name  of  the  machine  or  the  part  must  be  given  with  the  code  word 
for  machine  assembler. 

MACHINE  ERECTOR  MATE 

Description:  In  tliis  dcseriplion  of  occupations  the  machine  erector  is  de- 
fined as  one  who  makes  the  linal  assembly  of  a  machine  at  the  place  of 
operation — such  machinery  as  is  usually  shipped  "  knocked  down  "  and 
a.ssembk'd  on  a  permanent  foundation. 
Qualifications:  The  machine  erector  should  be  able  to  read  ilrawin^^s  suf- 
ficiently well  to  get  a  full  understanding  of  all  mechanical  require- 
ments. He  should  be  qualified  to  take  full  charge  of  mounting  and 
installing  .such  machinery  as  large  stationary  engines,  pumps,  hoisting 
and  mining  machinery.  He  should  be  able  to  direct  the  work  of  helpers, 
set  up  and  operate  all  portable  and  hand  cranes,  should  be  able  to 
direct  the  work  of  power  cranes,  should  have  suflicient  knowledge  of 
the  use  of  the  machinery  which  he  is  ei'ecting  to  put  into  complete  oper- 
ation and  conduct  the  first  working  tests. 
Schooling:    Troferably  high  school  or  some  general  technical  training. 

Note. — When  a  machine  erector  is  wanted  for  the  erection  of  any  par- 
ticular type  of  machinery,  the  name  of  that  particular  type  of  machinery 
should  be  added  to  the  code  word  for  the  machine  erector. 

MACHINE  FITTER  MATER 

Description:  The  machine  fitter  is  defined  in  this  classification  as  one  who 
puts  together  medium-size  or  light  machine  parts  and  is  able  to  fit,  file, 
scrape,  and  ream  where  necessary  to  make  the  proper  mechanical 
adjustments. 
Qualifications:  The  machine  fitter  must  be  able  to  apply  the  necessary  test 
to  keep  his  work  in  alignment  and  be  able  to  adjust  tight,  loose,  and 
running  fits.  He  .should  read  drawings  sulficiently  well  to  order  all  stock 
and  tools  for  assembling  the  specified  machine  parts  and  to  get  a 
complete  understanding  of  all  mechanical  requirements. 
Schooling:    Common  school. 

MACHINE  HAND  GROUP 

[For  explanation  of  "hand"  as  used  herein  see  prefatory  statement  and  directions  for 
using  descriptions  and  codo  words,  pages  'Z  and  3.] 

Description  and  Qualifications:  For  the  purpose  of  this  description  of  occu- 
pations a  machine  hand  is  defined  as  one  who  has  mastered  the  oi»eration 
87064—18 4  29 


30  TVlETAr.-WOKKINO    INDUSTRIES 

of  I  lie  siK'cilicd  lUiicliiiK;  so  that  lie  (•an  select  and  use  the  necessary 
staiuhinl  tools  to  [n-odiice  sin>,'l«-'  |)arts.  For  example:  Lathe  hand,  shat)er 
hand,  etc.,  iiidh-ates  that  a  jxTson  iK-arluK  that  title  has  complete 
mechanical  mastery  of  those  individual  machines.  One  person  may 
qualify  on  several  machines.  Wlitni  he  has  qualitied  on  the  standard 
types  of  machines,  including  the  lathe,  niillinK  machine,  shaper, 
planer,  drill  press,  and  grinder,  and  has  mastered  bench  and  assembly 
envtiiif;  work,  lie  is  (lualilied  as  a  .iourneyman,  or  all-round  machinist. 

A  machine  hand  must  read  drawings  sulliciently  well  to  get  from  the 
sJiop  blue  print  a  lull  understanding?  of  all  mechanical  requirements. 
Schooling:    ('oninion  .school;  i)refcral)ly  hi^'h  school. 
Macliiiic  li;imls  .in'  described  as  follows: 

l?ench  band.  Machine  band,  special. 

ISorinfe'-mill    hand,    horizontal      lMlllinj?-niachine  hand,  plane  miller, 
mill.  Milling- machine     hand,     Universjil 

Boring-mill      band,      vertical         miller, 
mill.  Planer  band. 

Drill-press  band.  Screw-machine  hand. 

(irinder  band.  Sbaper  band. 

Lathe  band,  engine  lathe.  Turret-lathe  hand. 

BENCH  HAND,  OFFICE  APPLIANCE  MACHINES  BECK 

Description:  The  bench  band  on  office  appliance  machines  is  one  who  puts 
together  and  adjusts  such  machines  as  typewriters,  adding  machines,  and 
comptometers. 
Qualifications:  He  should  be  able  to  read  drawings,  be  thoroughly  familiar 
with  all  the  .small  assembling  and  lay-out  tools,  such  as  wrenche.s,  files, 
scrapers,  taps,  dies,  and  hand  drills ;  should  be  able  to  do  soldering ; 
must  be  able  to  make  fine  machine  instrument  adjustments ;  and  should 
be  fanliliar  with  the  requirements  of  tbe  various  office  appliances.  He 
should  be  able  to  grind  and  oilstone  common  band  tools  and  sllould 
have  had  considerable  experience  in  assembling  appliances  in  either  type- 
writer, adding  machine,  or  comptometer  factory. 
Schooling:    Common  school;  preferably  high  school. 

BENCH  HAND  ON  SUCH  WORK  AS  AUTO  PARTS  AND  GAS  ENGINES         BLAST 

The  bench  band  in  this  classification  is  defined  as  an  all-round  worknuin 

in  lidit  and  luo'lium  size  bench  and  assembly  work, 
ftualifications:  The  bench  baud  should  know  the  names,  care,  and  use  of 
tbe  cojumon  tool-room  tools.  He  should  use  .skillfully  tbe  assembling 
layout  and  fitting  tools,  such  as  wi'enches,  files,  scrapers,  chisels,  hack 
saws,  parallel  .strips,  V  blocks,  taps,  dies,  band  reamers,  hand  drills, 
breast  drills,  soldering  coppers,  blow  torch,  and  fire  pot.  He  must  be 
familiar  with  machine  adjustments  and  be  able  to  adjust  tight,  loose, 
and  running  fits,  and  do  chipping,  filing,  scraping,  babbitting,  soldering, 
and  layout  work;  and  use  care  and  judgment  in  adjusting  parts.  He 
should  be  able  to  grind  and  oilstone  the  common  hand  tools,  and  to  read 
drawings  sutticiently  well  to  obtain  from  the  shop  blue  print  a  complete 
understanding  of  all  mechanical  requirements.  The  bench  hand  should 
have  good  eyesight. 
Schooling:   Common  school;  preferably  high  school. 


MACHINE   HAND   GROUP  31 

BORING  MILL  HAND,  HORIZONTAL  MILL  BLAZE 

Description:  Tlie  horizoiilal  IjuriuL;  mill  hand  is  defined  in  this  classifica- 
tion as  one  who  can  do  all  classes  of  work  on  a  horizontal  boring  mill. 
Qualifications:  The  boring  mill  hand  should  linow  the  names,  care,  and 
use  of  the  principal  parts  of  the  machine  and  the  machine  attachments. 
He  sliould  use  skillfully  the  scale,  square,  inside  and  outside  calipers, 
micrometers,  combination  squares,  dividers,  center  gauge,  lieight  gauge, 
depth  gauge,  and  vernier.  He  must  be  familiar  with  the  special  types 
of  drills,  reamers,  Ijoring  bars,  and  with  the  jigs  and  forms  supporting 
boring  bars. 

He  should   read  drawings  sufiiciently   well   to  obtain   from   the  blue 
print   a    complete   understanding   of   all    mechanical    requirements.      He 
should  have  good  eyesight,  general  good  health,  and  ordinary  strength. 
Schooling:   Common  school;  preferably  high  school. 

BORING  MILL  HAND,  VERTICAL  MILL  BLEAK 

Description:   The  vertical  boring  mill  hand  is  defined  in  this  classification 

as  one  who  can  do  all  classes  of  vertical  boring  mill  work. 
Qualifications:  The  vertical  boring  mill  hand  should  know  the  names,  care, 
and  use  of  the  principal  parts  of  his  machine,  should  know  the  names, 
care,  and  use  of  the  standard  tool-room  tools  and  should  use  skillfully 
the  scale,  square,  inside  and  outside  calipers,  dividers,  combination  square 
and  vernier.  He  must  know  hqw  to  chuck  face,  turn,  bore,  and  ream. 
He  should  be  able  to  read  drawings  sufficiently  well  to  get  a  thorough 
understanding  of  all  mechanical  requirements. 

He   should    have    good    eyesight,    general    good    health,    and    ordinary 
strength. 
Schooling:   Common  school;  preferably  high  school. 

DRILL   PRESS   HAND  DEER 

Description:   It  is  the  duty  of  the  drill  press  hand  to  do  all  kinds  of  drill 

press  work  considered  under  the  divisions  given  below. 
Qualifications:  The  drill  press  hand  should  know  the  names  of  the  principal 
parts  of  the  machine,  such  as  table,  base,  and  upright.  He  should  know 
the  name,  care,  and  use  of  the  conmion  tool-room  tools  and  machine 
attachments.  He  should  use  skillfully  the  scale,  square,  center  gauge, 
inside  and  outside  calipers,  thread  gauge,  micrometer,  combination' 
square,  depth  gauge,  height  gauge,  surface  gauge,  and  vernier. 

He  should  be  able  to  do  skillfully  drilling  Hat  and  circular  work, 
boring,  countersinking,  facing,  reaming,  jig  work,  and  tapping.  He 
should  have  a  good  understanding  of  shari)oning  drills,  counterbores, 
reamers,  and  taps. 

He  should  read  drawings  sufficiently  well  to  obtain  a  complete  under- 
standing of  all  mechanical  requirements. 
He  should  have  good  health  and  ordinary  strength. 
Schooling:   Common  school;  preferably  high  school. 

DRILL  PRESS  HAND,  GEARED  OR  RADIAL  DRILL  DARK. 

Description:    This  drill   press   luuid   <ip*'iates  a    large  ui»right  geared   and 

radial  drill  press. 
Qualifications:  The  same  as  for  general  drill  press  hand  but  sliould  have 

had    all-round    experience    on    large    geared    upright    and    radial    drill 

presses. 


32  METAL-WORKING    INDUSTRIES 

DRILL  PRESS  HAND,  SENSITIVE  DRILL  DARE 

Description:  Tlic  drill  pyvss  luiiul,  soiisitivc  drill,  nimriitcs  a  sonsitivp  drill 
(Ml  siiiiill  work,  (irdiniirily  iisiiij;  drills  not  over  lli roe-fourths  of  an  inch 
ill  di;iiii('IOi-. 
Qualifications:  In  addition  1o  luiviiiK  Ji  fr<'Mcr:iI  knowledRe  of  tho  drill 
jncss,  Mi(»  s(>nsltivo  drill  iiress  hand  should  ho  able  to  manipulate  .lips 
skillfully,  place  the  work  with  care  into  the  .iifj,  and  when  drilling  small 
holes,  with  or  without  the  jiK,  to  feed  the  machine  sensitively  in  order 
to  jirevcnt  drill  breakage.  He  should  understand  the  necessity  of  keep- 
iiiir  the  jiK  and  drill  table  free  from  chips  and  should  be  able  to  so 
niaiiiiiulato  the  work  as  to  insure  lonp  life  to  the  tools  used. 

FLOOR  HAND  FILM 

Description:  The  duties  of  tlio  llodr  hand  as  doliiiod  in  this  de.scription 
of  occupations  are  to  jiut  tofiethor  machines  or  machine  parts  of  such 
n  size  that  the  assembly  is  made  on  the  floor  instead  of  on  the  bench, 
all  work  boing  done  in  the  shop  where  tho  machine  is  manufactured. 
Qualifications:  Tho  floor  hand  .should  know  the  names,  care,  and  use  of  all 
conunon  tool-room  tools;  .should  use  skillfully  assembling,  layout,  and 
fitting  tools,  such  as  wrenches,  files,  scrapers,  chisels,  hack  saws,  paral- 
lel strips,  V  blocks,  taps,  dies,  hand  reamers,  hand  drills,  breast  drills, 
soldering  coppers,  blow  torches,  levels,  and  tranuuel  points.  He  must 
be  familiar  with  machine  adjustments  and  be  able  to  make  tight,  loose, 
and  ruiming  fits,  must  do  chipping,  filing,  scraping,  babbitting  and  gen- 
eral layout  work.  He  must  have  .special  skill  in  adjusting  all  machine 
liarts,  should  bo  able  to  grind  and  oilstone  common  hand  tools,  must  be 
able  to  direct  the  work  of  hand  and  power  cranes,  must  be  able  to 
read  drawings  sufhciently  well  to  get  an  understanding  of  all  the  me- 
chanical requirements.  He  should  have  had  experience  in  the  erection 
of  the  larger  type  of  machines,  such  as  large  machine  tools,  large  sta- 
tionary, hoisting,  pumping,  and  power  engines  and  mining  machinery. 
Schooling:  Common  .school;  preferably  high  schbol. 

GRINDER  HAND 

Description:   A  grinder  baud  is  defined  in  this  classification  as  one  who 

can  do  one  or  more  of  the  classes  of  w'ork  indicated  below. 
Qualifications:  The  grinder  hand  should  know  the  names,  care,  and  use 
of  the  principal  parts  of  the  grinder,  such  as  bed,  carriage,  si)indle.  and 
index.  He  must  use  skillfully  the  scale,  square,  center  gauge,  inside  and 
outside  calipers,  micrometer,  bevel  protractor,  height  gauge,  depth 
gauge,  iind  surface  gauge. 

He  should  be  able  to  do  skillfully  plane  cylindrical  grinding  or 
horizontal  and  vertical  surface  grinding  and  internal  grinding.  He 
should  be  able  to  trim,  balance,  and  dress  grinding  wheels. 

The  grinder  hand  should  read  drawings  sufficiently  well  to  obtain  from 
the  shop  blue  print  a  complete  understanding  of  all  mechanical  require- 
ments. 

EXTERNAL  GRINDER  HAND  EKE 

GAUGE  GRINDER  HAND  GAZED 

INTERNAL  GRINDER  HAND  IDOL 

SURFACE  GRINDER  HAND  SERVE 

TOOL  AND  CUTTER  GRINDER  HAND  TENT 


MACHINE  HAND   GROUP  33 

LATHE  HAND,  ENGINE  LATHE 

Description:  A  hilbe  liaiid  is  defined  in  this  classificatiou  as  one  having 
mastery  of  all  types  of  lathe  work  as  indicated  in  the  three  {groups 
given  below. 

Qualifications:  A  lathe  hand  shonld  know  the  names,  care,  and  use  of 
tlie  principal  parts  of  the  machine,  such  as  bed,  lieail  stock,  tail  stock, 
carriage  apron,  saddle,  compound  rest.  He  should  know  the  names, 
cure,  and  use  of  tiie  conmion  tool-room  tools  and  machine  attachments. 
He  should  use  skillfully  the  scale,  square,  center  gauge,  inside  and  out- 
side calipers,  thread  gauge,  micrometer,  and  combination  sipiare.  He 
.should  be  able  to  <lo  quickly  and  accurately,  turning,  boring,  drilling, 
steady  rest  and  following  rest  work,  reaming,  chucking,  face  plate  work, 
tai)er  turning,  thread  cutting,  knurling,  and  polishing ;  and  should  be 
able  to  grind  and  oilstone  tools.  He  should  read  drawings  sufficiently 
well  to  obtain  from  the  shop  blue  print  a  complete  understanding  of  the 
mechanical  requirements.     He  should  have  g<Jod  health  and  strength. 

Schooling:    Counnon  school;  preferably  high  school. 

li'or  the  purpo.se  of  this  standardization  engine  lathe  hands  are  classihed 
relatively  with  regard  to  the  size  of  the  machine  and  the  work  ihey 
are  doing. 

BENCH  LATHE  HAND  BLEED 

A  man  having  tlie  standard  qualilications  for  au  engine  lathe  hand  and 
whose  work  is  on  a  bench  lathe  proilucing  parts  similar  to  those  required 
for  in.struments  and  small  tools.  Besides  having  the  regular  lathe  hand 
qualihcations,  he  should  be  able  to  use  the  grinding  attachments. 

ENGINE  LATHE  HAND— UNDER  16-INCH  ELAN 

An  engine  lathe  hand  with  standard  qualihcations  (see  lathe  hand,  engine 
lathe)  who  ordinarily  works  on  floor  lathes  ranging  up  to  10-inch  swing, 
and  who  is  qualified  to  work  on  parts  of  the  size  and  variety  similar  to 
automobile  and  small  gas  engine  work. 

ENGINE  LATHE  HAND— 16-INCH  AND  OVER  ELATE 

An  engine  lathe  hand  with  standard  qualifications  (see  lathe  hand,  engine 
lathe)  who  works  on  lathes  ranging  over  16-inch  swing,  machining  such 
work  as  heavy  loconn^tive  part^:,  large  pump  parts,  miuiiig  macliinery, 
and  marine  engine  parts. 

MACHINE  HAND,   SPECIAL  MESS 

Description  and  Qualifications:  For  the  purpose  of  this  description  of 
occupations  it  is  umlerstood  that  the  machine  hand  qualified  for  the 
following  machines  is  skilled  in  the  use  of  measuring  tools,  such  as 
scales,  inside  and  outside  calipers,  micrometers,  combination  squares, 
bevel  protractors,  plug,  snap,  and  special  gauges;  and  knows  the  care 
and  use  of  standard  tool-room  tools.  He  nuist  read  drawings  sufficiently 
well  to  obtain  a  complete  understanding  of  all  mechanical  requirements. 
In  addition  to  this  knowledge  he  must  have  a  thorough  mechanical 
mastery   of   the   specified    machine.      He   should    have   good    health   and 

strength. 

Note. — In  specifying-  a  special  machine  hand  under  this  code  it  will 
be  necessary  to  use  a  code  word  indicating  the  special  machine  for 
which  a  hand  is  desired. 

If  a  machine  hand  is  desired  for  any  machine  not  given  in  this  list 
the  name  of  the  machine  should  be  added  to  the  code  word  for  "  machine 
hand,  special.' 


34  METAL-WORKING   INDUSTRIES 

BROWN  &  SHARPE  GEAR  SHAPER  HAND  BLINK 

FELLOWS  GEAR  SHAPER  HAND  FEEL 

GLEASON'S  GEAR  SHAPER  HAND  GEAR 

GOULD  &  EBERHARDT  GEAR  SHAPER  HAND  QEH 

JOURNAL  BEARING  MACHINE  HAND  JAM 

SLOTTER  HAND  SET 

MILLING  MACHINE  HAND,  PLANE  MILLER  MAUL 

Description:  The  pliino  milling  macliine  liand  in  this  classification  is  one 

wlio  can  do  plane  milling  on  all  kinds  of  milling  machines. 
Qualifications:   Tlie  plane  milling  machine  hand  should  know  the  names, 
care,  and  use  of  the  principal  parts  of  the  machine,  such  as  table,  bed, 
cone,  spindle,  overarm,  arbor,  arbor  trace,  and  collet. 

He  should  know  the  names,  care,  and  use  of  all  common  tool-room 
tools.  He  should  use  skillfully  the  scale,  square,  center  gauge,  inside 
and  outside  calipers,  height  gauge,  and  depth  gauge.  He  should  be  able 
to  do  accurately  and  quickly  plane  horizontal  milling,  slotting,  sawing, 
end  milling,  vertical  milling,  taper  milling,  drilling,  boring,  and  reaming, 
cut  and  slot  bolt  heads  and  do  cam  milling.  He  should  read  drawings 
sufficiently  well  to  obtain  from  the  sliop  blue  print  a  complete  under- 
standing of  all  mechanical  requirements. 

He  should  have  good  eyesight  and  good  health. 
Schooling:  Common  school;  preferably  high  school. 

MILLING  MACHINE  HAND,  UNIVERSAL  MILLER  MAUVE 

Description:  A  universal  milling  machine  hand  in  this  classification  is  one 
who  can  do  plane  and  universal  milling  on  all  kinds  of  milling  machines. 
Qualifications:  The  universal  milling  machine  hand  should  know  the  names, 
care,  and  use  of  the  principal  parts  of  the  machine,  such  as  table,  bed, 
cone,  spindle,  back  gear,  overarm,  arbor,  arbor  trace,  dividing  head,  and 
collet.  He  should  know  the  names  and  use  of  common  tool-room  tools. 
He  should  use  skillfully  the  scale,  square,  center  gauge,  inside  and  out- 
side calipers,  micrometer,  thread  gauge,  combination  square,  bevel 
protractor,  height  gauge,  depth  gauge;  and  he  should  be  able  to  do 
quickly  and  accurately  plain  horizontal  milling,  slotting,  sawing,  end 
milling,  vertical  milling,  taper  milling,  drilling,  boring,  reaming,  plain 
and  compound,  indexing,  as  applied  to  bolt  heads,  nuts,  straight  fluting, 
stagger  fluting,  and  spiral  fluting;  graduating,  gear  cutting,  rack  cut- 
ting, bobbing,  cam  milling. 

He  should  read   drawings  sufficiently   well  to  obtain  from  the  shop 
blue  print  a   complete  understanding  of  the  mechanical  requirements. 
He  nuist  have  good  eyesight  and  good  health. 
Schooling:   Common  school ;  preferably  high  school. 

PLANER  HAND 

Description:  A  planer  hand  in  this  classification  is  defined  as  one  who  can 

do  all  kinds  of  work  on  a  planer,  subject  to  the  two  divisions  of  plane 
work  given  below. 
Qualifications:  The  planer  hand  should  know  the  names  of  the  principal 
linrts  of  the  machine,  such  as  bed,  uprights,  table,  or  platen,  cross  head 
and  headways.  He  should  also  know  the  names,  care,  and  iise  of  the 
connnon  tool-room  tools  and  the  special  machine  attachments.    He  should 


MACHINE   HAND  GROUP  35 

be  able  to  do  quickly  and  accurately  plaiiin.a;.   horizontal   and  vertical 
surfaces,  ta[)er  plaiiinj,',  slotting,  key  seating,  and  circular  planing.     He 
should  be  able  to  grind  all  planer  tools.     He  should  have  good  eyesight 
and  be  physically  strong. 
Schooling:    Couiuion  school;  preferably  high  school. 

PLANER  HAND  ON  PLANERS  TIP  TO  36-INCH  CROSS  HEAD  POUND 

PLANER  HAND  ON  PLANERS  OVER  36-INCH  CROSS  HEAD  PEER 

PUNCH  PRESS  HAND 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  punch  press  hand  are  to  set  up  dies,  make 
all  machine  adjustments,  and  run  punch  presses  for  all  kinds  of  woi-k 
usu.illy  done  on  a  punch  press. 

Qualifications:  He  should  know  the  name.  care,  and  use  of  the  principal 
parts  of  standard  punch  presses,  must  especially  know  how  to  use  all 
safety  and  controlling  devices.  Must  be  able  to  order  all  stock,  to 
check  all  punchings  with  the  drawings  and  specitications,  and  lake  full 
charge  of  setting  up  dies  and  checking  dies  and  tixturos  in  and  out 
of  the  tool  room.  He  should  have  had  considerable  experience  as  a 
punch  press  operator  and  have  done  some  work  as  a  punch  press  hand. 

Schooling:    ComuKm  school. 

PUNCH  PRESS  HAND  PLATE 

I'unchings  and  .stampings  similar  to  those  made  in  tlie  manufacture  of 
.    typewriters,  adding  machines,  and  comptometers. 

PUNCH  PRESS  HAND  PLUG 

On   work  similar  to  that  made  up  for  general  automobile  parts,  crank 
cases,  and  all  gei\oral  heavy  j)uni'hing  and  drawing  work. 

SCREW-MACHINE  HAND,  HAND  AND  AUTOMATIC  MACHINES  SHOAL 

Description:  For  the  purpose  of  this  description  of  occupations  it  is  under- 
stood that  all  screw  machine  hands  have  the  following  general  quali- 
fications : 
Qualifications:  The  screw  machine  band  must  read  drawings,  know  the 
names,  care,  and  use  of  the  principal  parts  of  the  machine  and  of  the 
common  tool-room  tools.  He  should  be  skilled  in  the  use  of  the  measur- 
ing tools,  such  as  scales,  inside  and  outside  calipers,  niici'ometers,  and  be 
familiar  with  plug,  snap,  and  special  gauges;  also  thread  gauges. 

In  addition  to  this  he  must  be  able  to  do  all  kinds  of  work  usually 
done  on  the  machine,  including  the  set-up. 
Schooling:  Common  school ;  preferabl.v  high  school. 

Note. — In  specifying  a  screw  machine  hand  under  this  group  it  will  be 
necessary  to  use  the  code  word  in  the  following  list  indicating  the 
machine  for  which  the  hand  is  desired. 

If  a  screw  machine  hand  is  wanted  for  a  machine  not  given  in  this 
list  add  the  cede  word  for  screw  machine  hand  to  the  name  of  the 
special  machine  for  which  the  hand  is  desired. 

A  VTOMA  TIC  SCRE  W  MA  CHINE  II A  A  I) 

ACME  AUTOMATIC   SCREW  MACHINE  HAND  ADAPT 

BROWN  &  SHARPE  AUTOMATIC  SCREW  MACHINE  HAND  BLESS 

CLEVELAND  AUTOMATIC  SCREW  MACHINE  HAND  CRUDE 

DAVENPORT   AUTOMATIC    SCREW   MACHINE   HAND  DART 


36  METAL-WORKINO    INDUSTRIES 

GRIDLEY  AUTOMATIC  SCREW  MACHINE  HAND  GENT 

NEW  BRITAIN  AUTOMATIC   SCREW  MACHINE  HAND  NAP 

WARNER  &  SWASEY  AUTOMATIC   SCREW  MACHINE  HAND  WAKE 

SCUKW  MACinSE  IIASn.  HAM)  .\fA<lll\H 

ACME  SCREW  MACHINE  HAND,  HAND  MACHINE  ADDER 

BROWN  &  SHARPE  SCREW  MACHINE  HAND,  BLIND 

HAND  MACHINE 

CLEVELAND  SCREW  MACHINE  HAND,  HAND  MACHINE  CHURN 

DAVENPORT  SCREW  MACHINE  HAND,  HAND  MACHINE  DASH 

GRIDLEY  SCREW  MACHINE  HAND,  HAND  MACHINE  GHOST 

NEW  BRITAIN  SCREW  MACHINE  HAND,  HAND  MACHINE  NASAL 

WARNER   &  SWASEY  SCREW  MACHINE  HAND,  WAKEN 

HAND  MACHINE 

SHAPER  HAND  SEW 

Description:  A  sluiper  bund  is  employed  to  do  all  classes  of  shaper  work, 
such  as  shaping  roiiular,  horizontal,  and  vertical  surfaces,  taper  planinR, 
irregular  shaping,  slotting,  key  seating,  shaping  on  centers,  rack  cutting. 
Qualifications:  The  shaper  hand  should  know  the  names,  care,  and  use 
oi"  the  princii)al  parts  of  the  machine,  such  as  column,  ram,  cross  rail, 
table,  cone,  extension  base,  back  gears,  gear  box,  stroke  index,  tool  head, 
cross  feed,  vertical  feed. 

He  should  know  the  names,  care,  and  use  of  the  conuiion  tool-room 
tools  and  machine  attachments.  He  must  use  skillfully  the  scale,  square, 
center  gauge,  inside  and  outside  calipers,  micrometers,  thread  gauge,  com- 
bination .square,  bevel  protractor,  height  gauge,  and  depth  gauge. 

He  should   read  drawings  sufficiently   well   to  obtain  from   the  shop 
blue  print  of  any  given  piece  of  work  a  complete  understanding  of  the 
mechanical  requirements.     He  should  be  able  to  grind  all  shaper  tools. 
Schooling:   Common  school;  preferably  high  school. 

TURRET  LATHE  HAND  THROW 

Description:  For  the  purpose  of  this  description  of  occupations  it  is  under- 
stood that  a  turret  lathe  hand  has  the  following  general  qualifications: 
Qualifications:  The  turret  lathe  hand  must  read  drawings  sufficiently  well 
to  get  a  thorough  understanding  of  all  mechanical  requirements.  He 
nmst  know  the  names,  care,  and  use  of  the  principal  parts  of  the 
machine  and  the  machine  attachments.  He  must  know  the  names, 
care,  and  use  of  all  standard  tool-room  tools,  and  must  use  skillfully 
such  measuring  tools  as  scales,  inside  and  outside  calipers,  inside  and 
outside  micrometers,  combination  square,  bevel  protractor,  snap,  plug, 
and  special  gauges  and  thread  gaiiges. 

lie  must  use  skillfully  all  standard  tool  post  and  turret  tools.  He 
must  do  chucking,  facing,  boring,  drilling,  reaming,  and  turning;  must 
be  familiar  with  the  use  of  special  boring  bars,  drills,  reamers,  and 
taps.  In  addition  to  this  general  knowledge  he  must  be  able  to  order 
and  set  up  the  tools  for  any  given  piece  of  work  on  the  specified  machine. 
Note. — In  specifying  a  turret  lathe  hand  under  this  description  it  is 
necessary  to  use  the  code  word  indicating  the  special  machine  for  which 
a  hand  is  wanted. 


MACHINE   HAND  GBOLIP 


37 


If  a  turret  lathe  hand  is  wanted  for  a  machine  not  given  in  this  group, 
add  the  code  word  for  turret  lathe  hand  to  the  name  of  the  machine  for 
which  a  hand  is  wanted. 


GISHOXT  TURRET  LATHE  HAND 

JONES  &  LAMSON  TURRET  LATHE  HAND 

LIBBT  TURRET  LATHE  HAND 

MONITOR  TURRET  LATHE  HAND 

POTTER  &  JOHNSTON  TURRET  LATHE  HAND 

STEINLE  TURRET  LATHE  HAND 

MACHINE  OPERATOR  GROUP 


GIANT 

JAP 

LATCH 

MAW 

PEG 

SEWER 


IKor  explanation  of  "  operator  "  as  used  herein  see  prefatory  statement  and  directions 
for  UHini>;  descriptions  and  code  words,  pages  2  and  3.] 

MACHINE  OPERATOR  MAY 

Description:  For  the  purpose  of  this  classification  of  occupations  the  ma- 
chine operator  is  defined  us  one  who  uses  a  special  or  standard  set  of 
tools  on  the  specified  machine  lor  the  making  of  a  single  part  or  group 
of  parts,  in  duplicate. 

ftualifications:  The  machine  operator  must  know  how  to  stop  and  start  the 
machine ;  must  know  how  to  control  the  feeds  and  speeds  and  oil  all 
necessary  parts.  He  should  know  how  to  use  all  snap  and  plug  gauges 
and  all  special  gauges.  It  is  desirable  that  he  know  how  to  use  the 
scale,  inside  and  outside  calipers,  and  micrometers. 

Note. — In  specifying  an  experienced  operator  for  any  machine  for  which 
a  code  word  is  not  given  it  is  necessary  to  add  the  name  of  the  machine 
to  the  code  word  for  machine  operator. 

It  is  understood  that  if  the  specification  uses  only  the  code  word  for 
machine  operator  the  employer  is  prepared  to,  and  expects  to,  give  the 
necessary  training  to  fit  the  person  for  the  particular  machine  to  be 
assigned. 


AUTOMATIC  SCREW  MACHINE  OPERATOR 


ACME  AUTOMATIC  SCREW  MACHINE  OPERATOR 


ADDLE 


BROWN  &  SHARPE  AUTOMATIC  SCREW  MACHINE  OPERATOR    BLOOM 

CLEVELAND  AUTOMATIC  SCREW  MACHINE  OPERATOR  CHUTE 

DAVENPORT  AUTOMATIC  SCREW  MACHINE  OPERATOR  DATE 

GRIDLEY  AUTOMATIC  SCREW  MACHINE  OPERATOR  GIBE 

2JEW  BRITAIN  AUTOMATIC  SCREW  MACHINE  OPERATOR  NAT 

WARNER  &  SWASEY  AUTOMATIC  SCREW  MACHINE  WALK 
OPERATOR 


38  METAL-WORKING   INDUSTRIES 

MACHINE  OPERATOR.  HAND  SCREW  MACHINE 
ACME  SCREW  MACHINE  OPERATOR,  HAND  MACHINE  ADIEU 

BROWN  &  SHARPE  SCREW  MACHINE  OPERATOR,  BLUE 

HAND  MACHINE 

CLEVELAND  SCREW  MACHINE  OPERATOR,  HAND  MACHINE  CIDER 

DAVENPORT  SCREW  MACHINE  OPERATOR,  HAND  MACHINE  DATER 

GRIDLEY  SCREW  MACHINE  OPERATOR,  HAND  MACHINE  GIDDY 

NEW  BRITAIN  SCREW  MACHINE  OPERATOR,  HAND  MACHINE  NATAL 

WARNER   &   SWASEY   SCREW   MACHINE   OPERATOR,  WALL 

HAND  MACHINE 

PUNCH  PRESS  OPERATOR 

Description:  Tlio  duties  of  the  punch  press  operator  are  to  run  a  punch 
press  lor  stanipinj,'  and  drawing  after  the  dies  have  been  set  and  adjusted 
l>y  another. 

Qualifications:  The  punch  press  operator  must  be  thoroughly  familiar  with 
the  controlling  and  safety  devices  found  on  standard  punch  pi'esses.  He 
must  understand  the  method  of  feeding  the  stock  into  dies  and  know  the 
necessity  for  keeping  the  stock  well  lubricated. 

PUNCH  PRESS  OPERATOR  PLOT 

I'unchings  and  stampings  similar  to  those  made  in  the  manufacture  of 

typewriters,  adding  machines,  and  comptometers. 

PUNCH  PRESS  OPERATOR  PLUSH 

On  work  similar  to  that  made  up  for  general  automobile  parts,  crank 

cases,  and  all  general  heavy  punching  and  drawing  work. 

MACHINE  SETTER  GROUP 

[For  explanation  of  "  machine  setter  "  as  used  heroin  see  prefatory  statement  and  direc- 
tions for  using  descriptions  and  code  words,  pages  2  and  3.] 

MACHINE  SETTER  MISER. 

Description:  For  the  purpose  of  this  classitication  of  occupations  the  ma- 
chine setter  is  defined  as  one  who  by  actual  operation  of  the  machine 
has  learned  the  detail  of  setting  a  special  machine  and  adjusting  and 
manipulating  the  tools. 
Qualifications:  The  machine  setter  must  be  able  to  read  mechanical  draw- 
ings and  to  order  all  the  tools  and  materials  necessary  for  any  given 
piece  of  work.  He  nuist  know  the  name,  care,  and  use  of  the  principal 
parts  of  the  machine  and  of  all  the  connnon  tool-room  tools. 

He  should  be  able  to  use  skillfully  the  inside  and  outside  calipers,  mi- 
crometers, thread  gauges,  plug,  snap,  and  special  gauges  necessary  to 
check  all  measurements. 

lie  should  be  qualilied  to  teach  the  operator  how  to  manipulate  the 
machine  and  tools  for  any  specified  piece  of  work.     The  machine  setter 
usually  sets  and  supervises  the  work  on  several   machines.     He   nuist 
have  good  eyesight,  good  general  healtii  and  strength. 
Schooling:    Connnon  school. 

Note. — In  ordering  a  machine  setter  under  this  code  it  will  be  neces- 
sary to  use  the  code  word  indicating  the  special  machine  that  is  to  be  set. 
If  a  machine  setter  is  desired  for  which  a  code  word  is  not  given,  the 
name  of  the  machine  must  be  added  to  the  code  word  for  machine  setter. 


MACHINE   SETTER  GROUP 


39 


AUTOMATIC  SCREW  MACHINE  SETTER 

ACME  AUTOMATIC  SCREW  MACHINE  SETTER  ADMIT 

BROWN  &  SHARPE  AUTOMATIC  SCREW  MACHINE  SETTER  BOARD 

CLEVELAND  AUTOMATIC  SCREW  MACHINE  SETTER  CIGAR 

DAVENPORT  AUTOMATIC  SCREW  MACHINE  SETTER  DAUB 

gAiDLEY  automatic  SCREW  MACHINE  SETTER  GIFT 

NEW  BRITAIN  AUTOMATIC  SCREW  MACHINE  SETTER  NAVAL 

WARNER  &  SWASEY  AUTOMATIC  SCREW  MACHINE  SETTER  WAND 

SCREW  MACHINE  SETTER.  HAND  MACHINE 

ACME  SCREW  MACHINE  SETTER,  HAND  MACHINE  ADOPT 

BROWN  &  SHARPE  SCREW  MACHINE  SETTER,  BOAST 

HAND  MACHINE 

CLEVELAND  SCREW  MACHINE  SETTER,  HAND  MACHINE  CINCH 

DAVENPORT  SCREW  MACHINE  SETTER,  HAND  MACHINE  DAUNT 

GRIDLEY   SCREW  MACHINE   SETTER,   HAND   MACHINE  GLIB 

NEW  BRITAIN  SCREW  MACHINE  SETTER,  HAND  MACHINE  NAVY 

WARNER  &  SWASEY  SCREW  MACHINE  SETTER,  WANE 

HAND  MACHINE 

MACHINIST  GROUP 

MACHINIST,  JOURNEYMAN  OR  ALL-ROUND  MAZE 

Description:  A  maobinist,  classified  as  a  journoynian  or  all-rouud  ma- 
chinist, is  employed  in  the  construction  and  repair  of  the  luetal  portions 
of  all  types  of  machines  and  tools. 
Qualifications:  He  should  read  drawings  to  the  extent  of  making  orders 
for  materials,  making  construction  layouts,  and  obtaining  a  full  com- 
prehension of  mechanical   requirements  from  the  shop  blue  prints. 

He  should  use  skillfully  the  ordinary  machinist's  tools,  consisting 
of  steel  rule,  square,  hammer,  center  punch,  scratch  awl,  dividers,  screw 
drivers,  inside  and  outside  calipers,  combination  set,  protractor,  surface 
gauge,  trammel  points,  depth  gauge,  vernier  caliper,  bar  calii)er.  drill 
gauge,  thread  gauge,  thread  micrometer. 

It  is  desirable  that  he  know  the  mathematics  of  pulley  ratios,  feed-gear 
ratios,  back-gear  ratios,  taper  computations,  speeds  and  feeds,  and 
change  .gears  for  thread  cutting.  This  would  require  a  knowledge  of 
the  following  mathomalies:  Common  fractions,  decimals,  proportions, 
simple  algebraic  equation,  use  of  fornuilas.  scpiare  root,  making  and  read- 
ing of  graphs,  solution  of  right-angled  triangles. 

He  should  have  a  general  shop  knowledge  as  follows:  Bells,  pulleys, 
lubricants,  to  include  oils,  greases,  and  cutting  compounds,  counter 
shafts,  line  shafts,  cone  and  geared  head  machines,  motor  drives,  fits 
and  finishes,  cutting  si)eeds,  gear  combinations,  general  knowledge  of 
thread  systems,  standard  V  and  square  threads,  special  threads,  «l.)uhle 
and  triple  threads,  standard  tapers,  and  polishing  materials,  use  of  hand- 
books, ri'ference  ItooUs.  and  (atalogues. 


40 


METAL- WORKING    INDUSTRIES 


He  sliniilil  know  I  lie  riMiiies,  ciire,  iiiid  use  of  coiiinion  iiuifliine-shop 
tools,  such  as  uTcnclu's.  da  nips.  (lo;;s.  iirl)ors,  chisels,  hack  saws,  files, 
H<-ni|)ers,  dies  and  <11(»  liolders,  reamers,  hand  drills,  and  l)reast  drills. 
He  should  have  a  workiuK  kiiot\'le(lKe  of  <'ast  iron.  wrouKht  iron,  nialle- 
al)le  Iron,  machinery  steel,  cold-rolled  steel,  tool  steel,  hiKh-si)eed  steel, 
brass,  eopiu'r,  l{abl)itt  metal,  and  .solder. 

lie  should  also  know  stock  sizes  of  i-oinmon  ni.uhine-shoj)  materials 
siich  as  waslu'i-s,  holts,  nuts,  niachiiie  screws,  cait  screws,  se^  screws, 
etc. 

He  shoidd  operate  skilll'ull.v  the  stand.-ird  machines  to  do  the  types  of 
work  indicated  liclow,  and  sliouhl  he  al>le  to  icrind  and  oilstone  all  cut- 
ting tools  used. 


liciicli   hand. 

Chipping  and  filing. 

.\ssembling. 

Scraping. 

Laying  out  work. 

Hahbitting. 

Soldering. 

Drill  press. 

Making  layout. 

Drilling. 

Flat  work. 

Circular  work. 

Boring. 

Countersinking. 

Facing. 

Beaming. 

.Tig  work. 

Tapping. 

Engine  lathe. 

Care  of  centers. 

Turning  on  centers. 

Turning  on  mandrel. 

Chuck  and  faceplate  work. 

Boring. 

Facing. 

Reaming. 

Thread  cutting. 

Taper  cutting. 

Knurling. 

Filing. 

Polishing. 

Orinder. 

Plain    cylindrical    grinding. 
Surface  grinding. 
Internal  grinding. 
Taper  grinding. 

Cutter,  drill,  and  reamer  grind- 
ing. 


>4 


Floor   liaiiil. 

(Same  as  "Bench  hand,"  only 
on    large   machine.) 

Milling  machine. 

I'lain,  horizontal  milling. 

Slotting. 

Sawing. 

End  milling. 

Vertical   milling. 

Taper  milling. 

Drilling. 

Boring. 

Counter  reaming. 
,  Reaming. 

I'lain  and  compound  indexing, 
as  applied  to  bolt  heads,  nuts, 
straight  fluting,  spiral  fluting, 
and  stagger  fluting. 

Graduating. 

Gear  cutting. 

Rack  cutting. 

Hobbing. 

Cam  milling. 

Planer. 

Planing,  regular,  horizontal,  and 

vertical  surfaces. 
Taper  planing. 
Slotting. 
Key  seating. 
Circular  planing. 

Shaper. 
Planing,  regular,  horizontal,  and 

vertical  surfaces. 
Taper  planing. 
Irregular  shaping. 
Slotting. 
Key  seating. 
Shaping  on  centers. 
Back  cutting. 


MACHINIST  GROUP  41 

Schooling:  Not  less  than  coniuion  school;  preferably  hi^h  school  or  college. 

Occupations  in  Group  1  and  in  Group  2,  given  below,  have  become 
such  generally  accepted  occupations,  demanding  special  requirements  of 
an  all-round  jounn'yni:iii  nijicliiiiist,  tliat  a  s«'ii:ir:ite  code  word  bus  been 
assigned  to  each. 
Group  1.  Group  2. — TooUiialcrr. 

Layout  man.  Die  maker. 

Repair  man,  general  machine  Diesinker. 

repair.  Gauge  maker. 

llepair  man,  machine  tool  re-  Jig  ''^^^  fixture  man. 


J)air. 


GROUP  I 


LAYOUT  MAN  LATE 

Description:  The  layout  man  indicates  by  lines  and  marks  the  exact  posi- 
tion of  all  holes,  the  shaping,  and  the  bending  that  are  not  provided  for 
in  llie  operation  of  the  machine  to  which  the  work  is  to  be  assigned, 
ftualifications:  The  layout  man  should  be  a  .lourneyman  machinist  (see 
Machinist,  journeymiin)  who  has  specialized  on  laying  out  work.  He 
must  know  the  methods  of  spotting  and  indicating  any  part  of  the 
layout  for  the  various  machines  and  for  bench  and  floor  hands.  He 
should  use  skillfully  all  the  measuring  tools,  such  as  scale,  calipers, 
verniers,  micrometers,  bevel  protractors,  trammel  points,  and  dividers.  He 
must  have  a  specinl  knowledge  of  applied  mathematics;  must  be  familiar 
with  projections  as  applied  to  the  development  of  cams  and  sheet  metal 
fittings.  He  must  also  hnvo  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  reading  of 
jncchanicid  drawings.  He  should  have  good  eyesight  and  good  health. 
Schooling:    Common  .school;  preferably  high  school. 

REPAIR  MAN.  GENERAL  MACHINE  REPAIR  RASH 

Description:   The  general  machine  rei)air  man   is  ;i  journeyman  machinist 

(see  Machinist,  .journeyn)an)  who  has  specialized  on  machine  repair.s. 
Qxialifications:  The  general  repair  man  must  be  especially  skillful  in 
making  machine  adjustments  such  as  bearing  adju-stments,  leveling  and 
lining  up  machinery,  scraping  and  babbitting,  lie  must  be  resourceful 
and  able  to  accomplish  results  with  limited  equipment.  He  should  have 
ability  to  read  drawings  sufficiently  well  to  order  all  necessary  stock  and 
tools  and  to  obtain  from  the  drawings  of  any  given  piece  of  work  a 
complete  understanding  of  the  mechanical  requirements.  He  must  be 
able  to  work  to  micrometer  measurements.  He  should  have  good  eye- 
sight and  good  health. 
Schooling:    Common  school;  preferably  high   school. 

REPAIR  MAN,  MACHINE  TOOL  REPAIR  REAM 

Description:  The  niadiine  tool  repair  man  is  a  journeyman  machinist  (see 
Machinist,  journeyman)  who  has  specialized  on  machine  tools  to  the 
extent  of  knowing  how  to  replace  parts  and  keep  the  machine  in  exact 
alignment.  By  the  machine  tools  is  meant  all  types  of  lathes,  milling 
machines,  screw  machines,  grinders,  turret  lathes,  boring  mills,  punch 
presses,  and  drill  presses. 

Qualifications:  (See  Machinist,  joiuMicyman.)  He  should  have  good  eye- 
sight and  good  health. 

Schooling:   Common  scliool  ;  prefcraidy  high  s'-hool. 


42  METAL-WOKKING    INDUSTRIES 

'  GROUP  2.—TOOLMAKKKS 

Tlie  toolniakc'i-  is  a  journoyiiijin  inacliini.st  (se»3  Miichinist.  juurney- 
nmn)  wlio  1ms  special iz<;(l  iti  any  or  all  of  tlie  following  divisions  of  tool 
inaUing: 

Die  maker. 
Dlesinkcr. 
GauKO  maker. 
.JiK  and  lixture  man. 
1'liis  wiirk  r("(iuir»'s  a  liii-'ii  degree!  of  skill  and  Mciunicy  in  the  use  of 
tools. 

DIE  MAKER,  GENERAL  DAWN 

Description:   'I'lie  die  maker  is  a  journeyman  machinist    (see   Machinist, 

journeyman)    who   has   specialized    in   making,   stamping,   and   forming 

dies  for  punch-press  work. 
Qualifications:    The   die  maker   must   know   sheet-metal    gauges;    should 

know  how  to  order,  cut,  and  handle  stock  for  stamping,  drawing,  and 

forniinii. 
Schooiing:   Conunon  school;  preferably  high  school. 

DIE  MAKER  DAY 

Die  maker  experienced   in  making;,  blanking,  and  forming  dies  for  parts, 
similar  to  those  used  on  adding  machines,  typewriters,  telephone  jack 
parts,  and  small  gun  and  automobile  parts. 

DIE  MAKER  DAZE 

Die  maker  experienced  in  making  blanking  dies  for  armature  laminations, 
electric-motor  castings,  and  medium-sized  automobile  parts. 

DIE  MAKER  DALE 

Die  maker  experienced  in  making  forming  dies  for  small  trays,  stock 
boxes,  helmets,  crank  cases,  and  large  cartridge  shells. 

DIESINKER 

Description:  For  the  purpose  of  this  standardization  diesinkers  are  divided 
into  three  groups : 

Diesinker  who  specializes  in  the  making  of  dies  for  forgings. 
Diesinker   who   specializes   in    the   making   of   dies   or   molds   or   die 

castings. 
Diesinker  who  specializes  in  making  dies  for  art  and  tableware. 

DIESINKER  FOR  FORGING  DIES  DEAL 

Description:  The  diesinker  for  forging  dies  is  a  journeyman  machinist 
(see  Machinist,  journeyman)  who  has  specialized  on  the  making  of  dies 
for  forgings. 
Qualifications:  The  diesinker  for  forging  dies  requires  special  skill  in  the 
making  of  templates  and  in  the  use  of  routing  tools  and  profiling  tools; 
also  special  ability  to  interpret  drawings.  This  work  requires  a  physi- 
cally strong  man. 
Schooling:  Common  school;  preferably  high  school. 

DIESINKER  FOR  DIE-CASTING  DIES  DEAN 

Description:  The  diesinker  for  die-castiug  dies  is  a  journeyman  machinist 
(see  INIachinist,  journeyman)  who  has  specialized  on  the  making  of 
molds  or  dies  in  which  metal  is  cast. 


MACHINIST  GROUP  43 

ftualifications:  The  diesinker  for  die-casting  dies  must  be  familiar  with 
s;hrink;iire  and  draft,  as  the  terms  are  used  in  reference  to  pattern  mak- 
ing, must  understand  the  necessary  methods  of  dividing  the  molds  and 
of  clamping  and  otherwise  holding;  the  parts  in  place  while  the  metal  is 
being  poured.  He  must  be  skillful  in  making  templates  and  in  the  use  of 
rtmting  tools,  and  nmst  have  special  ability  to  interrirct  drawing's.  This 
work  requires  a  physically  sti'ong  man. 

Schooling:  Common  school  ;  preferably  high  school. 

DIESINKER,  ART  AND  TABLEWARE  DEAF 
Diesinker  experienced    in    making    dies  for    art    metal   work  and   table- 
ware.    This  class  of  die  makers  find  it  diflicult   to  make  dies  where 
close  measurements  are  required. 

GAUGE  MAKER  GILL 

Description:  The  gauge  maker  is  a  journeyman  machinist  (see  Machinist, 

journeyman)    who   has   specialized  on   the  making  of  plug,   snap,   and 

si)ecial  gauges  for  the  use  ef  insjiectors  and  machine  men   in  keeping 

the  sizes  of  their  work  within  the  specified  limits. 

ftualifications:    The  gauge   maker   must   be   able   to   work   to   the   closest 

measurements,  often  being  compelled  to  measure  to  one  ten-thousandth 

of  an    inch.     He    must    understand    grinding    and    lapping    and  other 

special    niethuds    for    bringing    metal     to    exact     dimensions.     He     is 

usually  recruited  from  the  ranks  of  the  higher  class  toolmakers.     He 

must   read   mechanical   drawings   thoroughly    and   must   be   skillful    in 

designing  gauges.     This   will    require    a    special    knowletlge    of    applied 

mathematics  and   layouts.     He  must   have  good   eyesight   and  health; 

also  good  control  of  nerves  and  muscles. 

Schooling:    High   school. 

JIG  AND  FIXTURE  MAN  JAB 

Description:  The  jig  and  fixture  man  is  a  journeyman  machinist  (see 
Machinist,  journeyman)  skilled  in  the  making  of  drilling  jigs,  screw- 
machine  fixtures,  and  turret-lathe  fixtures, 
ftualifications:  The  jig  and  fixture  man  must  have  a  thorough  knowledge 
of  the  use  of  .special  drills,  cutters,  reamers,  boring  bars,  taps,  dies, 
gauges,  and  templates.  He  must  understand  sheet-metal  gauges; 
must  know  how  to  select,  cut,  order,  and  handle  metal  for  stamping  and 
forging. 
Schooling:   T'ommon  school;  preferably  high  school. 


METAL  PLATING  GROUP 

ELECTROPLATER.  FOREMAN  EJECT 

Description:  Tlie  duties  of  the  electroplater  foreman  consist  of  the  opera- 
tion, uplvcop,  and  supervision  of  a  complete  electroplating  plant  for  gen- 
eral factory  plating. 
Qualifications:  The  electroplater  foreman  must  be  a  thoroughly  experienced 
general  plater,  expert  in  all  phases  of  copper  and  nickel  plating,  and 
familiar  with  galvanizing  process;  and  have  ability  to  handle  men.  He 
must  understand  the  operation  and  maintenance  of  belted  generators  and 
motor  generators,  bus  bars,  tank  bars,  and  connectors,  rheostats,  and 
instruments.  Must  understand  handling  acids  and  mixing  various 
.standard  solutions  for  pickling,  washing,  and  plating,  and  the  filling  and 
emptying  of  tanks,  and  the  care  of  steam  kettles,  hot  wash,  and  sawdust 
drying  boxes  or  tumble  barrel  dryers.  Must  understand  hanging  articles 
and  anodes  for  best  results,  and  the  proper  current  and  time  for  various 
kinds  and  grades  of  work.  He  should  have  a  working  knowledge  of  box 
or  automatic  plating-tank  equipments  for  quantity  work.  Must  be 
familiar  with  use  and  care  of  buffing  and  polishing  stands  and  rough- 
ing, polishing,  bufling,  and  finishing  wheels  of  various  kinds.  He  should 
have  had  all-round  experience  in  a  general  plating  shop  or  plating  shop 
of  a  large  manufacturing  plant. 
Schooling:  l*referably  not  less  than  high  school;  should  have  some  knowl- 
edge of  general  chemistry  and  electric  chemistry. 

GALVANIZER  GAZE 

Description:  The  galvanizer  acid  diiJS  and  cleans  all  kinds  of  plates,  pipes, 
castings,  and  ware  and  passes  them  through  or  suspends  them  in  the 
molten  galvanizing  solution  for  the  purpose  of  coating  them  with  zinc. 

ftualifications:  He  must  be  able  to  direct  the  work  of  hand  or  power  cranes, 
•  must  thoroughly  understand  acid  dipping  and  washing,  and  must  know 

the  proper  heating  of  the  galvanizing  solution  and  be  able  to  secure  a 
good  uniform  surface  coating  of  metal.  He  should  have  worked  as  a 
helper  in  a  galvanizing  department  and  as  an  independent  worker  suffi- 
ciently long  to  understand  thoroughly  all  the  processes  of  galvanizing. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 

METAL  PLATERS  HELPER  MIRTH 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  metal  plater's  helper  are  acid  dipping,  or 
brush  scrubbing,  or  stock  handling,  or  tank  cleaning,  or  trucking,  or 
washing,  or  drying,  or  tumbling.  The  metal  plater's  helper  may  be  as- 
signed to  any  one  or  more  of  the  above-mentioned  occupations  in  the 
metal-plating  department. 
Qualifications:  Good  physical  strength  and  a  willingness  to  work  in  the 
metal-plate  department. 
44 


METAL  PLATING   GROUP  45 

METAL  POLISHER  AND  BUFFER  MASON 

Kindred  Occupations:   Foreman  plater;  Foreman  polisher. 

Description:  The  metal  polisher  and  buffer's  duties  consist  of  the  operation 
of  grinding,  polishing,  and  buffing  equipments  in  the  preparation  of  all 
classes  of  work  for  plating  and  finishing. 

ftualifications:  The  metal  polisher  and  buffer  must  be  thoroughly  experi- 
enced in  the  operation,  use,  and  care  of  emery  wheels  and  the  various 
grades  and  shapes  of  wheels  for  general  polishing  and  buffing,  such  as 
rag,  felt,  rawhide  leather,  fiber,  scratch  brushes,  iind  wire-brush  wheels, 
aiust  have  a  thorough  knowledge  of  how  to  build  up,  glue,  surface, 
dress,  and  balance  all  kinds  of  roughing,  dressing,  polishing,  and  butfing 
wheehs.  Must  be  skilled  in  the  grinding  and  finishing  of  brass,  bronze, 
or  steel,  either  dull  or  bright,  for  plating,  lacquering,  coloring,  or  bluing. 
He  should  have  had  general  training  in  a  modern  polishing  shop  or  large 
manufacturing  plant. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 

MITER  BLUER  NAME 

Kindred  Occupations:  Hot  galvanizing  kettle  woi'ker ;  Lead  melter;  Tin- 
plater. 

Description:  The  niter  bluer's  duties  consist  of  the  operation  of  fused  salt- 
peter-manganese dioxide  type  of  metal  bluing  or  coloring  equipment. 

Qualifications:  The  niter  bluer  must  be  experienced  in  the  operation  and 
practical  upkeep  of  a  bluing  equipment -for  coloring  metals,  especially 
screws,  pins,  rifle  parts  of  steel,  or  parts  of  accouterments  of  any  metal. 
Must  understand  coal,  coke,  gas,  or  oil  heated  saltpeter  kettles  or  j)ots, 
and  the  proper  temperatures  and  times  for  melting  down  ingredients  and 
imparting  desired  color  to  different  materials ;  must  be  able  to  keep 
records.  Must  understand  proper  cleaning  and  drying  for  best  effects 
and  permanency  and  dipping  in  quantity  to  insure  uniformity  and  to  avoid 
danger. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 
870G4— 18 5 


MISCELUNEOUS  GROUP 

MILLWRIGHT,  FOREMAN  MASS 

Kindred  Occupations:  Maintenance  engineer;  Factory  millwriglit ;  Plant 
engineer. 

Description:  Tlie  millwright  foreman's  duties  consist  of  laying  out,  in- 
stalling, and  maintaining  general  power  and  transmission  machinery  and 
equipment  of  any  shop,  plant,  or  factory,  for  any  purpose. 

Qualifications:  The  millwright  foreman  must  be  a  tlioroughly  experienced 
general  millwright,  able  to  lay  out  from  drawings  or  sketches,  set  up  and 
generally  keep  in  order  any  class  of  general  power  transmission  and  oper- 
ating machinerj'.  He  should  be  able  to  install  and  maintain  hangers, 
shafting,  pulleys,  belts  of  all  types,  machine  tools,  cranes,  and  general 
equipment.  He  should  be  a  thorough  belt  and  practical  power  transmis- 
sion man,  able  to  lay  out  and  erect  stringers  and  hanger  bases,  and  must 
be  a  block  and  tackle  man,  equal  to  handling  tackle  quickly  and  safely, 

•  and  heavy  machinery  with  the  use  of  jacks,  hoists,  slings,  blocks,  skids, 
and  cribbing,  or  under  unfavorable  conditions.  He  should  have  some 
knowledge  of  concrete  form  and  concrete  work  for  foundations.  He 
should  also  be  capable  of  supervising  work  of  this  general  character  and 
have  had  such  experience  in  rolling  mill,  large  manufacturing  plant,  or 
machine  shop,  or  had  experience  on  general  construction  or  railway 
wrecking  operations  or  in  charge  of  erecting  work  for  railway  or  power 
station. 

MILLWRIGHT,  MACHINE  TOOL  MERIT 

Kindred  Occupations:   General   millwright;   General  mechanic;   Machinery 

erector. 
Description:    The   machine   tool   millwright's   duties   consist   of   installing 

general  machinery  or  macliine  tools  in  any  shop,  plant,  or  factory. 
Qualifications:  The  machine  tool  millwright  must  be  an  experienced  fac- 
tory or  shop  machinery  hand,  able  to  read  drawings  and  sketches,  lay 
out  and  set  up  machine  tools,  such  as  lathes,  shapers,  milling  machines, 
grinders,  or  general  machinery.  He  must  be  able  to  put  up  hangers, 
hang  shafting,  pulleys,  and  countershafts,  and  figure  and  make  up  end- 
less and  other  belts.  He  should  be  a  good  bench  and  tackle  man  and 
have  had  all-round  millwright  experience  in  a  moderate  sized  machine 
shop,  rolling  mill,  or  manufacturing  plant. 

SZOP  ROUTER  SHAD 

Description:  The  duty  of  the  shop  router  is  to  classify  all  work  going  into 

the  shop  and  to  assign  it  to  the  various  departments;  also  to  specify 

the  machine  on  which  the  work  is  to  be  done. 

Qualifications:    The   shop   router   must   be   a    person   thoroughly   familiar 

with  the  equipment  and  organization  of  the  shop  iu  which  the  work  is 

46 


MISCELLANEOUS  GBOUP  47 

to  be  routed.  He  must  have  a  thorough  knowledge  of  shop  materials 
and  of  the  supply  of  stock  on  hand.  He  must  also  have  a  thorough 
knowledge  of  each  machine  in  the  shop  and  understand  general  methods 
of  billing,  checking,  and  follow  up.  He  should  read  drawings  to  the 
extent  of  fully  comprehending  every  detail  of  material  and  mechanical 
requirements.  He  should  have  good  health. 
Schooling:   Common  school;  pi-e^erably  high  school. 

STOCK  CHASER  SHADE 

Description:  The  stock  chaser  is  a  man  who  follows  up  all  routing  of  ma- 
terials from  (lie  various  departments  to  see  that  they  arrive  on  time  and 
reports  to  the  router  as  often  as  necessary  the  progress  of  any  given 
order  from  the  factory. 
Qualifications:  The  stock  chaser  should  be  familiar  with  billing  and  with 
stock  orders,  and  should  be  keen  to  detect  any  cause  for  delay  in  the 
process  of  construction.  He  should  be  recruited  from  a  good  billing 
clerk.  He  should  read  drawings.  The  stock  chaser  should  have  good 
health  and  strength. 
Schooling:   Common  school. 


BUILDING  AND  GENERAL  CONSTRUCTION 

BRICKLAYERS,  MASONS,  STONE  SETTERS,  MARBLE  SETTERS,  PLASTERERS,  AND  TILE 

LAYERS  GROUP 

BRICKLAYER,  APPRENTICE  BAFF 

Description:  The  duties  of  a  bricklayer  apprentice  is  to  assist  the  brick- 
layer In  laying  up  walls,  beginning  usually  on  back  and  cross  walls,  and 
gradually  taking  more  exact  work  under  the  direction  of  the  foreman, 
ftualifications:  He  should  be  a  strong,  healthy  young  man  desiring  to  learn 
the  bricklayer's  trade.  He  should  learn  how  to  read  drawings  and  make 
layouts,  and  should  be  willing  to  attend  school  continuously  for  from 
two  to  three  months  a  year  during  the  slack  season. 
Schooling:   Not  less  than  eighth  grade. 

BRICKLAYER,  FOREMAN  BAGOT 

Description:  The   bricklayer   foreman   lays   and   supervises   the  laying   of 

brick  walls  for  any  purpose.    Also  sets  and  supervises  the  setting  of 

light  stone  trim,  terra  cotta,  and  all  kinds  of  general  wall  tile  and  brick 

substitutes. 

Qualifications:   He  should  be  able  to  read  drawings,  make  layouts  for  all 

openings  in  the  building,  properly  place  any  stone  or  ornamental  work, 

and  must  thoroughly  understand  the  laying  of  the  various  kinds  of  brick 

bond,  lining  walls,  running-up  corners,  laying  in  all  wall  openings  and 

setting  arches.    He  must  understand  the  mixing  of  cement  and  lime 

mortars.    Should  have  a  general  knowledge  of  other  building  trades  so 

that  he  can  work  in  cooperation  with  the  general  contractor.    He  must 

be  qualified  to  direct  the  work  of  men.  order  all  materials,  and  take  full 

charge  of  all  interior  and  exterior  brick  work  on  buildings  of  any  size. 

Schooling:  High  school;  preferably  some  technical  training. 

BRICKLAYER,  JOURNEYMAN  BAIZE 

Description:  The  journeyman  bricklayer  must  lay,  under  the  direction  of 
the  foreman,  all  kinds  of  interior  and  exterior  walls  for  buildings,  using 
soft  brick  or  glass  brick,  set  terra  cotta  and  light  ornamental  stone 
work.  He  must  also  be  able  to  set  any  of  the  gypsite  or  other  substi- 
tutes for  brick  used  in  fireproof  cross  walls. 
Qualifications:  He  should  be  able  to  read  drawings,  lay  all  forms  of  orna- 
mental bond,  and  follow  properly  the  layout  furnished  by  the  carpenter 
or  bricklayer  foreman.  He  must  be  able  to  run  up  corners  and  wall 
openings  and  set  arches  that  have  been  laid  out  by  the  bricklayer  or  car- 
penter foreman. 
Schooling;  Not  less  than  eighth  grade. 

CEMENT  FINISHER  COWRY 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  cement  finisher  are  the  finishing  of  surfaces 
on  cement  floors,  base  boards,  stair  treads,  and  other  cement  work 
needing  a  finished  surface. 

48 


BRICKLAYER,   MASON,   PLASTERER,   ETC.,   GROUP  49 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  able  to  work  to  drawings,  be  able  to  line  and 
level  cement  surfaces,  and  know  how  to  provide  for  the  proper  drainage 
of  surfaces;  should  be  able  to  do  all  finishing  on  either  horizontal  or 
vertical  work.  Should  have  had  experience  as  apprentice  and  consider- 
able experience  as  a  cement  finisher. 

Schooling:   Common  school. 

GRANITE  CUTTER  •  GLEAN 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  granite  cutter  are  to  cut  and  shape  any 
form  of  granite,  marble,  or  other  hard  stone  by  means  of  hand  or  pneu- 
matic tools. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  able  to  read  drawings  and  to  work  to  tem- 
plates ;  must  be  able  to  select  and  use  the  proper  kind  of  hand  or  pneu- 
matic tools  for  roughing  and  finishing.  He  must  know  how  to  level 
or  true  stone  and  prepare  it  for  layout.  He  must  be  able  to  make  the 
proper  layout,  and  must  have  had  an  equivalent  to  an  apprenticeship 
and  have  done  considerable  work  as  a  journeyman. 
Schooling:   Common  school. 

LATHER,   METAL  LEAST 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  metal  lather  are  to  nail  metal  lath  on  the 
ordinary  studding,  to  build  up  drop  ceilings  and  column  covers,  and  com- 
pletely prepare  same  for  the  plasterer. 
Qualifications:  He  should  understand  how  to  check  up  walls  to  see  that 
they  are  true  and  ready  for  lathing,  and  should  be  thoroughly  familiar 
with  the  use  of  rods  and  angle  irons  for  building  up  drop  ceilings  and 
column  covers ;  should  have  had  similar  experience  on  general  large 
building  construction  work. 
Schooling:   Common  school. 

LATHER,   WOOD  LEAVE 

Description:   The  duties  of  the  wood  lather  are  to  nail  lath  on  studding 

and  other  supports  and  prepare  the  wall  for  the  plasterer. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  able  to  check  up  studding  to  see  that  they  are 
level   and   ready   for   lathing;    must   fully   understand   the   breaking   of 
joints  and  preparing  walls  for  the  receiving  of  plaster  in  such  a  way 
that  the  expansion  of  the  lath  will  not  crack  the  wall. 
Schooling:  Common  school. 

MARBLE  SETTER  MINUS 

Description:  It  is  the  duty  of  the  marble  setter  to  put  into  place  all  kinds 

of  ornamental  and  structural  marble. 
Qualifications:  He  should  be  able  to  read  drawings  and  follow  layouts  made 
by  the  bricklayer  foreman  or  carpenter  foreman.  He  nnist  be  thor- 
oughly familiar  with  the  mixing  and  use  of  cement  and  lime  mortars. 
Must  understand  thoroughly  the  methods  of  supporting  marble  veneer 
on  brick,  stone,  or  cement  walls.  Must  be  able  to  place  all  kinds  of 
ornamental  and  structural  marble  work  in  such  places  as  entrances  and 
stairways,  and  all  kinds  of  fine  building  construction.  He  must  be  able 
to  use  and  direct  the  use  of  all  hand  and  power  derricks  generally  used 
In  marble  setting,  should  have  had  an  equivalent  of  an  apprenticeship, 
and  should  also  have  done  considerable  work  as  a  journeyman. 
Schooling:  Not  less  than  eighth  grade. 


60  BUILDING  AND  GENERAL  CONSTRUCTION 

MASON,  STONE  MIND 

Description:  The  duties  of  tlio  stone  mason,  as  distinf^uished  from  the  stone 
Better,  are  to  lay  foundation  and  rough  walls  from  ordinary  quarry 
stone  or  from  miscellaneous  round  stone. 
Qualifications:  lie  must  thoroughly  under8t(ind  the  mixing  of  cement  and 
lime  mortars.  Should  be  able  to  read  drawings,  run  up  corners,  set 
arclies,  and  properly  joint  and  point  up  a  rough  stone  wall.  He  should 
have  had  experience  as  a  stone  mason's  helper  and  should  have  done 
considerable  independent  work. 
Schooling:  Not  less  than  eighth  grade. 

PLASTERER,  JOURNEYMAN  POET 

Description:     Tlie  duties  of  the  journeyman  plasterer  are  to  do  all  kinds  of 

plain  and  ornamental  plastering  under  the  direction  of  the  foreman. 
Qualifications:  He  should  be  able  to  read  drawings,  must  thoroughly  under- 
stand various  kinds  of  scratch  and  smooth  plasterwork,  and  know  how 
to  put  on  clean  cement  finish ;  must  be  aide  to  run  baseboards  and  mold- 
ings and  place  all  kinds  of  interior  and  terra-cotta  ornamental  work; 
must  be  able  to  work  on  scaffolding  and  be  a  thoroughly  competent  in- 
dependent worker.  He  should  have  had  experience  equivalent  to  a  com- 
plete apprenticeship  at  the  trade. 

PLASTERER'S  HELPER  OR  APPRENTICE  POD 

Description :  The  duties  of  the  plasterer's  helper  or  apprentice  are  to  assist 
the  journeyman  plasterer  in  placing  ornaments  and  general  interior  fin- 
ish work  and  to  do  rough  plastering  under  the  direction  of  the  foreman. 

Qualifications:  He  should  be  a  physically  strong  young  man  with  a  desire 
to  learn  the  plasterer's  trade.  If  he  can  not  read  drawings  and  make  cal- 
culations for  materials  he  should  be  willing  to  pursue  a  course  of  study 
long  these  lines. 

Schooling:     Common  school. 

STONECUTTER  SOAP 

Description:    The  duties  of  the  stonecutter  are  to  cut  any  form  of  sand  or 

soft  stone  by  hand  or  pneumatic  tools. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  able  to  read  drawings  and  work  to  templates; 
must  understand  leveling  and  truing  stone  and  make  it  ready  for  the 
layout.  He  must  be  able  to  select  and  use  the  proper  hand  and  pneu- 
matic tools  for  roughing  and  finishing.  He  should  have  served  an  equiva- 
lent to  an  apprenticeship  as  a  stonecutter. 
Schooling:    Common  school. 

STONE  SETTER  SLUR 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  stone  setter  are  to  put  into  place  all  heavy 
ornamental  and  structural  stone  where  the  quantity  is  such  that  it  is  not 
done  by  the  regular  bricklayers. 
Qualifications:  He  should  be  able  to  read  drawings,  and  should  thoroughly 
understand  stone  markings  so  that  he  can  place  the  various  sections  into 
the  wall  quickly  and  accurately.  He  must  understand  the  setting  and 
handling  of  hand  and  power  derricks.  He  must  be  familiar  with  the  vari- 
ous riggings  used  for  hoisting  stone.  He  must  be  able  to  direct  the  work 
of  men,  order  all  materials,  and  check  all  work  with  plans  and  specifica- 
tions. He  must  thoroughly  understand  all  methods  of  fastening  stone 
veneer  to  brick,  stone,  and  cement  walls.  He  should  have  served  a  full 
apprenticeship  at  his  trade. 
Schooling:     Not  less  than  eighth  grade. 


BBICKLAYEE,   MASON,   PLASTEREE,   ETC.,   GEOTJP  51 

TILE  LAYER  TEAK 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  tile  layer  are  to  lay  all  kinds  of  floor  tile 
and  wall  tile,  such  as  are  used  in  the  protection  of  bathroom  walls  and 
floors,  and  to  set  all  ornamental  tile  used  in  mantels,  entrances,  and 
stairways. 

Qualifications:  He  should  be  able  to  interpret  the  layout  drawings  fur- 
nished by  the  architect.  He  should  also  be  able  to  lay  tile  to  any  design 
furnished  and  should  thoroughly  understand  the  cement  base  on  which 
the  tile  is  set  and  know  how  to  make  proper  joints,  leaving  a  hard  and 
smooth  surface.  He  should  have  a  thorough  mastery  of  all  trowels  and 
other  tools  used  in  connection  with  tile  setting.  He  should  have  served 
an  equivalent  to  an  apprenticeship  and  have  had  considerable  experi- 
ence as  a  journeyman  tile  setter. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 


BRIDGE  AND  STRUCTURAL-IRON  WORKER  GROUP 

BRIDGE  AND  STRUCTURAL-IRON  WORKER  BAFFY 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  bridge  and  structural-iron  worker  are  the 

erection  of  steel  buildings  and  any  kind  of  steel  structure. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  an  all-round  experienced  structural-iron  worker; 
practically  familiar  with  setting  columns,  beams,  girders,  trusses,  and 
general  structural  steel  in  buildings,  and  plate  girder  or  truss  bridges. 
He  should  be  an  experienced  hand  and  pneumatic  riveter  on  heavy  work. 
He  should  be  a  good  climber,  loader  and  handler  of  steel  members,  and 
possess  some  knowledge  of  rigging,  shifting,  setting,  and  guying  der- 
ricks, and  hoisting  equipment.  He  should  have  had  experience  on  high 
building  erection,  railway  girder  and  general  bridge  construction. 
Schooling:  Common  school. 

BRIDGE  AND  STRUCTURAL-IRON  WORKER,  FOREMAN  BAKED 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  bridge  and  structural-iron  worker  foreman 
are  the  supervision  of  the  placing  and  erecting  of  steel  members  on  any 
form  of  steel  buildings,  trusses,  and  bridges. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  able  to  read  drawings;  must  understand  thor- 
oughly all  systems  of  marking  structural-iron  members  for  placement 
on  buildings;  must  be  a  thoroughly  experienced  structural-iron  worker, 
familiar  with  setting  columns,  beams,  girders,  and  trusses;  should  be 
an  experienced  riveter  and  have  a  thorough  knowledge  of  setting  and 
anchoring  all  forms  of  cranes  used  in  handling  structural  steel.  He 
should  have  a  knowledge  of  general  building  construction  so  that  he  can 
cooperate  effectively  with  the  work  of  the  general  contractor.  He  should 
have  had  experience  as  a  structural-steel  worker  on  large  buildings  and 
some  experience  in  handling  men. 
Schooling:  Common  school;  preferably  technical  training. 

ORNAMENTAL-IRON  WORKER  OFTEN 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  ornamental-iron  worker  are  to  install  vari- 
ous kinds  of  iron  grills,  gratings,  special  stairways,  ornamental  inclo- 
sures,  and  other  iron  work  not  included  as  structural-iron  work. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  able  to  read  drawings,  make  layouts,  and  in- 
stall all  forms  of  ornamental-iron  work.  It  is  desirable  that  he  know 
how  to  use  the  hand  forge  and  do  ordinary  bending  and  welding.  He 
should  have  had  the  equivalent  of  an  apprenticeship  and  should  have 
done  considerable  work  as  a  journeyman  ornamental-iron  setter. 
Schooling;  Common  school. 

RIVETER,  HAND  RAP 

Kindred  Occupations:  Blacksmith;  Boilermaker;  Riveter;  Steel  car  framer ; 

Tank  builder. 
Description:    The  duties  of  the  hand  riveter  consist  of  hand  riveting,  calk- 
ing, and  chipping  on  any  class  of  plate,  tank,  or  structural  work. 
62 


BRIDGE  AND   STEUCTUEAL-IKON   WOEKEE   GROUP  53 

Qualifications:  The  hand  riveter  must  have  had  thorough  practical  experi- 
ence in  the  use  of  hand  tools  for  riveting,  chipping,  and  calking,  in  con- 
struction and  repair  work  of  all  kinds  on  boilers,  plates,  tanks,  structural 
steel  frames,  automobile  frames  and  chassis.  He  must  be  thoroughly 
familiar  with  the  use  of  drifts,  reamers,  hand  reamers,  hoklers-on,  and 
understand  proper  heating,  riveting,  and  setting  on  any  class  of  rivet 
work. 

EIVETER,  PNEUMATIC  RAPID 

Description:  The  pneumatic  riveter  on  boiler  plate,  ship  plate,  and  on 
structural  steel  must  be  able  to  do  all  classes  of  riveting  on  steel  plates 
over  one-fourth  inch  thick. 
Qualifications:  The  pneumatic  riveter  must  be  able  to  operate  skillfully  all 
sizes  and  kinds  of  pneumatic  hammers  used  in  riveting.  He  should 
understand  the  proper  drawing  of  rivets  and  the  .setting  of  joints  to 
make  them  water-tight  and  steam-tight.  He  must  direct  the  work  of  rivet 
heaters,  holders  on,  and  rivet  passers. 

RIVET  HEATER  RARE 

Kindred  Occupations:  Blacksmith's  helper;  Riveter's  helper. 
Description:  The  duties  of  the  rivet  heater  are  rivet  heating  in  connection 
witli  structural-steeJ  work,  boiler  making,  automobile  truck  frames,  and 
railroad  locomotive  or  car  shops;  or  in  shipbuilding. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  capable  of  operating  all  kinds  of  rivet-heating 
forges  under  all  conditions  and  in  difficult  localities,  and  be  able  to 
maintain  the  forge  at  proper  heat  and  deliver  properly  heated  rivets  to 
the  riveter.  He  must  be  skilled  in  the  rapid  handling  of  rivets  and  in 
tossing  or  delivering  them  to  the  proper  point.  He  should  have  had 
similar  experience  with  erecting,  manufacturing,  or  railroad  construction 
work,  or  in  a  shipyard. 


CARPENTER  GROUP 

BENCH  HAND,  CARPENTER   SHOP  BEST 

Description:  The  bench  hand,  carpenter  shop,  should  do  all  kinds  of  hand 
bench  work  and  assembly  of  mill  made  furniture  parts  and  interior 
wood  finislilnf;. 

Qualifications:  The  bench  hand  must  be  thoroughly  skilled  in  the  use  of 
bench  carpenter  tools.  He  should  be  able  to  work  to  drawings  and 
sketches,  understand  glueing  and  nailing,  and  the  use  of  screws,  lie 
must  bo  thorouglily  familiar  with  furniture  and  building  hardware. 
He  should  have  had  considerable  experience  in  a  furniture  factory  or 
in  a  planing  mill,  assembling  interior  woodwork. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 

BOAT  BUILDER,  WOOD  BEVEL 

Kindred  Occupations:  Boat  carpenter;  Canoe  builder;  Joiner;  Pattern 
maker. 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  wood  boat  builder  are  the  building  and 
repair  of  small  w'ooden  boats,  floats,  pontoons,  and  motor  boats. 

Qualifications:  He  should  be  experienced  in  the  details  of  construction  of 
all  classes  of  flush  and  clinker  built  or  canvas  covered  pleasure  or  life 
boats  or  canoes,  small  yachts  or  cruising  boats  of  all  sorts.  He  must 
be  capable  of  building  or  repairing  pontoons  or  wooden  floats.  He  should 
be  skilled  in  the  use  of  carpenter's,  boat  builder's,  and  joiner's  tools, 
and  familiar  w'ith  all  kinds  of  wood  used  in  boat  building,  and  be  an 
expert  gluer  and  a  capable,  accurate  worker. 

Schooling:  Common  school;  preferably  high  scliool. 

BRIDGE    CARPENTER  BIAS 

Kindred  Occupations:  Dock  carpenter;  General  construction  carpenter; 
Railway  mine  timbernian. 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  bridge  carpenter  are  the  construction  of 
timber  trestles,  bridges,  and  docks,  or  general  heavy  timbering  for  any 
purpose. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  a  practical  heavy  timber  carpenter  skilled  in 
bridge  or  trestle  construction  and  experienced  in  laying  out  from  draw- 
ings and  sketches  and  in  heavy  framing  work  for  trestles,  truss  or  beam 
bridges,  foundation  grillage,  heavy  building  framing,  flumes,  and  bridge 
caissons,  and  dock  and  pier  construction.  He  must  also  be  able  to  frame 
ties  and  stringers.  He  should  understand  pile  work,  capping,  shoring, 
underpinning,  and  tlie  handling  and  working  of  heavy  dressed  timbers, 
round  or  hewn  timber,  for  permanent  or  temporary  highway,  railway, 
dock,  or  construction  work.  He  should  be  a  thoroughly  good  cross-cut 
saw,  ax  and  adz  worker,  with  a  knowledge  of  the  use  of  pneumatic 
borers,  and  drift  bolt  drivers,  and  be  capable  of  placing  and  bolting  up 
iron  work. 

Schooling:  Common  school;  preferably  high  school. 
54 


CAEPENTER  GROUP  55 

CABINETMAKER  CHICK 

Kindred  Occupations:  Furniture  maker;  Joiner;  Skilled  carpenter  on 
interior  finish. 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  cabinetmaker  are  the  making  of  all  kinds 
of  Avood  cabinets  and  fine  woodwork. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  practically  experienced  in  the  selection  and  use 
of  hard  woods  and  veneered  woods,  and  be  able  to  work  to  drawings  and 
sketches,  laying  out  and  making  or  repairing  all  kinds  of  furniture, 
cabinets,  desks,  instrument  cases,  and  fine  wood  work.  He  should  be  a 
skilled  bench  hand  and  have  had  some  experience  in  the  use  of  wood- 
working machinery. 

Schooling:  Common  school;  preferably  high  school. 

CAR  CARPENTER  CREED 

Kindred  Occupations:  General  carpenter;  House  cari)entcr;  Railroad  car- 
penter. 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  car  carpenter  are  the  con.struction,  assembly, 
and  repair  of  railway  freight  cars,  employing  wood  in  part  or  whole. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  experiencetl  in  the  building  of  various  kinds  of 
wood  bod}',  side  or  box  standard  railway  freight  cars.  He  nnist  be  able  to 
work  to  drawings,  lay  out  and  build  wood  frames,  make  and  hang  doors, 
lay  floors,  and  put  on  roofs,  sides,  and  ends  on  either  wood  or  steel 
frame  cars,  or  make  repairs  to  such  cars.  He  must  be  a  thoroughly  cap- 
*  able  general  carpenter,  skilled  in  the  use  of  tools  and  having  some  experi- 
ence with  woodworking  machinery.  He  should  have  worked  as  general 
car  carpenter  in  a  railroad  car  shop  or  car  building  plant  as  decker,  door 
hanger,  roofer,  or  liner. 

Schooling:     Common  school;  preferably  high  school. 

CARPENTER,  CONCRETE  FORM  CHIDE 

Kindred  Occupations:  Building  carpenter;  Concrete  carpenter;  General 
carpenter,  foreman ;  House  carpenter. 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  concrete  form  carpenter  are  the  construc- 
tion and  erection  of  all  kinds  of  forms  for  concrete  or  reinforced  con- 
orete  construction  work. 

Qualifications:  He  must  bo  a  thoroughly  experienced  concrete  form 
builder  and  erector,  and  ai)le  to  supervise  such  work.  He  should  be  a 
skilled  general  carpenter,  able  to  work  to  drawings  and  sketches,  lay  out 
foundations,  and  locate  cohunns.  walls,  and  openings,  make  and  erect 
every  class  of  wooden  form  of  concrete  colunm,  girder,  or  slab  and 
foundation  construction  work,  forming  same  to  imitate  stone  work.  He 
unist  understand  bracing,  locking,  and  supporting.  He  must  be 
thoroughly  familiar  with  various  types  of  reinforcing,  such  as  bent  rod, 
made-up  rod  trusses,  or  wire  me.sh,  the  placing  of  hanger  supports,  hole 
blocks,  and  openings.  He  slioidd  have  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  sev- 
eral typos  of  concrete  building  construction,  such  as  girder  and  slab, 
and  mushroom,  and  iniderstand  retaining  wall,  abutment,  pier,  and  arch 
construction.  He  should  understand  form  stripping,  resetting  and 
scaffolding. 

Schooling:     Common  school;  preferably  high  sqliool. 

CARPENTER,  EXPERT  CHIEF 

Kindred  Occupations:  Boss  carpenter;  Builder;  Contractor;  Foreman  car- 
penter. 


56  BUILDING  AND  GENERAL  CONSTEUCTION 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  expert  carpenter  are  the  supervision  and 
genonil  construction  of  wooden  buildings  of  any  character  for  any 
purpose. 

Qualifications:  IIo  must  be  a  thoroughly  experienced,  all-round  carpenter  on 
house  l)uikling  or  general  frame  construction.  He  should  be  able  to  esti- 
mate quantities  and  be  capable  of  working  to  drawings  and  sketches  and 
laying  out  general  work.  He  must  be  familiar  with  the  framing  and 
laiilding  of  frame  warehouses,  barracks,  or  .sheds,  and  be  able  to  super- 
vise carpentry  construction  work  of  any  character.  He  should  be  a  compe- 
tent Inside  worker,  able  to  hang  sashes,  doors,  and  blinds,  lay  flooring, 
and  should  have  a  practical  knowledge  of  stair  building  and  builder's 
hardware.  He  should  have  a  thorough  working  knowledge  of  all  car- 
penter tools  and  some  experience  with  woodworking  machinery.  He 
should  have  had  broad  experience  as  foreman  carpenter  on  large  oper- 
ations, factory,  or  building  construction,  or  as  house  carpenter,  contract- 
ing carpenter  or  builder. 

Schooling:   Common  school;  preferably  high  school. 

CARPENTER,  GENERAL  CHILD 

Kindred  Occupations:   Carpenter's  helper;  House  carpenter;  Mill  carpenter. 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  general  carpenter  are  carpentry  work  of 
any  character. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  a  practical  general  carpenter  on  all  kinds  of 
construction  or  repair  w^ork,  capable  of  working  to  drawings  or 
sketches  on  buildings,  barracks,  or  shed  construction  and  repair.  He 
must  understand  framing  and  sheathing,  and  must  be  able  to  make  all 
layouts  for  windows,  door  frames,  and  other  openings  ahead  of  brick- 
layers, cement  workers,  and  other  building  crews.  He  should  be  skilled 
in  the  use  of  usual  carpenter  tools  and  materials,  and  be  a  good  hatchet 
and  saw  man,  capable  of  doing  rapid  rough  work.  He  should  have  some 
knowledge  of  concrete  form  work  and  roofing  with  shingles  or  paper. 
He  should  have  had  experience  on  concrete  work  or  as  a  house  carpenter. 

Schooling:  Common  school;  preferably  high  school. 

CARPENTER,  PACKER  CHILL 

Kindred  Occupations:  Boxer  and  packer;  Cabinetmaker;  Joiner. 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  packer  carpenter  are  boxing  and  packing 
for  shipment  any  class  of  material  in  stoi'es  or  warehouses. 

Qualifi^cations:  He  must  be  a  thoroughly  expert  boxer,  crater,  and  packer, 
capable  of  laying  out  all  kinds  of  boxes,  crates,  and  frames  for  pack- 
ing, handling,  and  shipping  for  export,  delicate  instruments,  light  or 
large,  bulky  or  heavy,  delicate  pieces,  and  machinery.  He  must  be  a 
skilled  general  carpenter  familiar  with  tools  and  usual  boxing  wood- 
working machinery  and  be  able  to  box  securely  and  safely  or  crate  any 
kind  of  article.  He  should  have  had  experience  as  a  boxer  or  shipper 
for  a  cabinet  and  furniture  factory,  or  as  a  boxer  for  a  large  manu- 
factory of  light  machinery. 

Schooling :  Common  school ;  preferably  high  school. 

CARPENTER,   SHIP,  FOREMAN  OR  SHIPWRIGHT  CHIN 

Kindred  Occupations:  Boat  builder;  Skilled  general  carpenter;  Timber 
carpenter. 


OAEPENTER  GROUP  57 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  foreman  ship  carpenter  are  to  supervise 
the  building  of  wooden  ships,  large  pontoons,  barges,  and  otlier  classes  of 
floating  craft.  In  steel  ship  work  lie  supervises  all  necessarj'  wood 
construction  except  the  interior  finisliing,  which  is  done  by  the  ship 
joinei". 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  a  skilled  all-round  ship  carpenter,  experienced 
in  building  barges,  pontoons,  and  wooden  ships,  including  all  such  work 
as  laying  out,  framing,  stage  building,  fastening,  planking,  calking, 
hewing,  deck  laying,  etc.  He  must  be  experienced  in  building  launch- 
ing ways,  launching  cradles,  and  in  the  actual  launching  of  wooden  and 
steel  ships. 

Schooling:  Common  school;  preferably  high  scliool. 

CARPENTER,  SHIP,  GENERAL  CHINA 

Description:  The  general  ship  carpenter  on  wooden  ships  does  the  usual 
kind  of  ship  carpentry,  such  as  planking,  beveling,  dubbing,  scarfing, 
squaring,  strapping,  and  spar  making.  On  steel  ship  work  he  erects 
staging,  lays  wooden  decks,  builds  launching  ways  and  launching  cradles, 
and  assists  in  launching. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  thoroughly  skilled  in  the  use  of  the  ordinary 
carpenter's  tools  and  in  addition  have  special  training  with  the  adz, 
broadax,  and  other  special  ship  tools.  He  should  be  able  to  work  to 
drawings  and  understand  framing  and  sheathing  work  and  should  be 
capable  of  doing  rapid  rough  work,  both  by  hand  and  with  the  ordinary 
woodworking  machines. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 

CARPENTER,  TANK  CHINK 

Kindred  Occupations:  Barrel  or  tube  maker;  Cooper;  General  wood  mill 
worker ;  Tank  or  stave  pipe  factory  worker. 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  tank  carpenter  are  the  construction  and 
erection  of  wooden  stave  tanks  and  pipes. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  a  practically  experienced  wooden  stave  tank  or 
pipe  builder  and  erector  skilled  in  the  manufacture  of  wooden  staves  and 
bottoms  and  in  the  fitting  and  assembling  and  banding  of  wooden  tanks 
and  stave  pipes,  and  their  repair.  He  should  have  a  thorough  knowledge 
of  wood  for  tanks  and  be  experienced  in  the  use  of  woodworking  machin- 
ery, such  as  circular  and  band  saws,  planers,  jointers,  groovers,  and 
shapers,  and  stave  making  machinery  and  tools  in  general.  He  should 
have  sufficient  knowledge  of  rigging  and  scafColding  to  be  able  to  erect 
tanks  or  stave  pipes  in  the  field. 

Schooling:     Common  school;  preferably  high  school. 

COOPER  CHIP 

Kindred  Occupations:   Cask  maker;  Joiner;  Tank  builder. 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  cooper  are  the  repairing  and  assembling 
of  barrels,  casks,  and  tierces. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  a  thordughly  skilled  barrel,  tierce,  or  cask 
maker,  able  to  make  completely  or  assemble  barrels  and  casks  shipped 
"Jinocked  down"  and  to  repair  thoroughly  those  damaged  in  transit  or 
to  open  and  rehead  barrels.  He  must  be  thoroughly  familiar  with  the 
various  woods  used  in  making  barrels  or  casks,  and  the  methods  used 
In  drying,  bending,  shaping,  fitting,  and  assembling  staves  and  heads. 
He  should  have  had  similar  experience  in  refineries,  distilleries,  flour 
mills,  oil  refineries,  or  cooperage. 

Schooling:   Common  scliool;  preferably  high  school. 


58  BUILDING   AND  GENERAL  CONSTBUCTION 

JOINER  JACK 

Kindred  Occupations:    Cabinotuiiikcr;  Furniture  maimer;  Slsilled  carpenter. 

Description:  'J'lic  duties  of  the  joiner  are  to  construct  higli  grade  wood- 
work and  to  assemble  niaoliine-made  woodwork. 

Qualifications:  lie  nnist  be  an  experienced  liand,  capable  of  reading 
drawings  and  sketches  and  l.i.vinj,'  out  and  doing  all  classes  of  joinery 
work.  He  must  be  able  to  do  all  classes  of  wood  assembly  work,  such  as 
making  sashes  and  window  frames,  doors  and  door  frames,  and  general 
house  building,  wood  fixtures,  desks,  file  cases  and  special  boxes,  and  In- 
strument cases,  and  installing  mill-made  interior  finish.  He  must  be  a 
competent  bench  hand  and  should  have  had  some  experience  in  the  use 
of  woodworking  machinery. 

Schooling:     Common  school;  preferably  high  school. 

JOINER,  SHIP  JADE 

Description:  The  ship  joiner  does  the  interior  finishing  on  the  ship,  in- 
cluding cabin  and  stateroom  work,  stair  building,  etc.  He  also  builds 
and  assembles  furniture,  sideboards,  bookcases,  and  deckhouses. 
Qualifications:  The  ship  joiner  must  be  able  to  read  drawings,  to  do  all 
kinds  of  cabiuetmakiug  and  joinery,  to  operate  woodworking  machinery 
and  be  familiar  with  the  peculiarities  of  ship  construction,  such  as  the 
use  of  the  bevel  and  bevel  board. 
Schooling:     Common  school. 

MACHINE  HAND,  WOODWORKING  MACHINERY  MAPLE 

Description:    For  the  purpose  of  this  description  of  occupations  the  machine 
hand,  woodworking  machinery,  is  defined  as  one  who  lias  a  complete 
mastery  of  the  work  to  be  done  on  a  specified  machine. 
Qualifications:     The  machine  hand,   working  on  woodworking  machinery, 
should  be  able  to  set  up  the  machine  for  any  standard  work  and  to  make 
all  adjustments  and  measurements  to  drawings,  patterns,  or  templates. 
He  should  have  sufficient  knowledge  of  the  machine  to  report  when  all  is 
not  working  rifeht  and  should  know  when  cutters  are  working  effectively 
or  when  they  are  dull. 
Schooling:   Common  school. 
Note. — In  specifying  a  machine  hand  under  this  code   it  will  be   necessary 
to  add  the  name  of  the  machine  for  which  a  hand  Is  desired  to  the  code  word 
for  a  machine  hand. 

MACHINE  OPERATOR,  WOODWORKING  MACHINERY  MAR 

Description:   For  the  purpose  of  this  description  of  occupations  the  machine 
ojierator,  woodworking  machinery,   is  defined  as  one  who  runs  a   ma- 
chine after  it  has  been  set  up  and  adjusted  by  another. 
Note. — If  a  machine  operator  Is  specified  under  the  general  code  word  for  ma- 
chine operator  It  Is  understood  that  the  employer  Is  prepared  to,  and  expects  to, 
give  the   necessary  training  for  the   operation   of  the  machine  to  which  the 
operator  Is  to  be  assigned. 

If  an  operator  Is  desired  who  has  had  experience  on  any  particular  machine  the 
name  of  the  machine  must  be  added  to  the  code  word  for  machine  operator. 

MACHINE  REPAIR  AND  UPKEEP  MAN,  WOODWORKING  MARCH 

MACHINERY 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  parquetry  floor  layer  are  to  lay  all  kinds  of 
working  machinery  are  to  make  all  general  repairs  to  machines  and 
transmission  devices. 


OABPENTEE  GEOUP  59 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  a  thoroughly  qualified  woodworking  machinery 
repair  man,  able  to  install  and  adjust  all  kinds  of  woodworking  ma- 
chinery and  connect  them  to  shafting  or  to  motors.  He  should  have 
a  thorough  understanding  of  the  lubricating  of  high  speed  machinery; 
also  a  thorough  understanding  of  the  care,  adjustment,  and  use  of  all 
safety  devices.  He  should  be  able  to  work  from  drawings  and  to  make 
sketches  that  can  be  sent  to  a  general  repair  shop  when  machine  work 
is  required. 

PARQUETRY  FLOOR  LAYER  POINT 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  parquetry  floor  layer  are  to  lay  all  kinds  of 
ornamental  parquetry  floor  designs  according  to  layouts  furnished  by  the 
architect. 

Qualifications:  Must  be  able  to  read  drawings  and  interpret  all  layouts; 
must  bo  skilled  in  the  use  of  all  small  woodworking  tools,  especially  the 
square,  plane,  and  saw.  Should  have  had  experience  as  a  joiner  and  con- 
siderable experience  as  a  layer  of  parquetry  flooring. 

Schooling:     Common  school. 

STAIR  BUILDER  SENNA 

Description:  The  stair  builder  erects  all  kinds  of  complicated  stairs,  in- 
cluding banisters  and  newel  posts. 
Qualifications:  The  stair  builder  must  be  a  thoroughly  experienced  car- 
penter and  joiner,  able  to  work  to  drawings  and  patterns,  to  lay  out 
and  construct  any  form  of  stairs,  and  install  banisters  and  newel  posts 
in  a  thorough,  woi-kmanlike  manner.  He  should  have  had  an  experi- 
ence equivalent  to  an  apprenticeship  under  a  journeyman  carpenter 
and  joiner  and  should  have  done  considerable  indepentleiit  stair  build- 
ing work. 
Schooling:  Common  school;  preferably  high  school  giving  courses  in  gen- 
eral drawing  and  building  and  stair  layout. 

WOODWORKER,  MACHINE,  GENERAL  WAIVE 

Kindred  Occupations:   Factory  carpenter;  Millmau ;  Wood  mill  worker. 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  general  machine  woodworker  are  the 
operation  and  upkeep  of  general  woodworking  or  mill  machinery  of 
any  kind. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  experienced  and  practically  skilled  in  the 
operation  and  use  of  general  woodworking  or  mill  machinery.  He  must 
be  able  to  work  to  drawings  and  sketches,  and  capable  of  running  band 
saws,  circular  saws,  swing  saws,  planers,  jointers,  edgers,  mortise  and 
tenon  machines,  molders,  lathes,  and  the  general  run  of  power  driven 
woodworking  machine  tools  found  in  a  well  equipped  cabinet  factory, 
railway  car  shop,  or  general  mill,  automobile,  wagon,  or  furniture  fac- 
tory. He  should  be  able  to  set  and  operate  and  make  usual  adjustments 
or  minor  repairs.  He  should  have  had  experience  in  a  general  mill,  furni- 
ture factory,  or  wagon  plant. 

Schooling:    Common  school;  preferably  high  school. 


CRANE,  DERRICK,  CAPSTAN,  DITCHING,  HOISTING,  PILE  DRIVING.  STEAM  SHOVEL 
WORK,  AND  WELL  DRILLING  GROUP 

CAPSTAN  OR  DRUM  AND  CABLE  MAN  CROWN 

Kindred  Occupations:  Boom  crane  operator;  Crane  director;  Derrick 
operator;  Hoisting  engine  man;  Steam  shovel  man  (boom  or  scoop 
shovel)  ;  Steam  shovel  man  (clam  shell  or  drop  bottom  type  of  bucket). 
Description:  The  duty  of  the  capstan  or  drum  and  cable  man  is  to  operate 
the  controlling  devices  of  a  capstan  or  drum  and  cable  for  the  skidding 
of  logs,  moving  of  buildings,  and  such  other  work  with  capstan  or  drum 
cable  as  involves  the  use  of  the  steam  engine  and  boiler. 
Qualifications :  He  should  know  how  to  anchor  and  support  a  cable ;  should 
be  thoroughly  familiar  with  all  the  parts  of  the  machinery  connected 
with  a  small  hoisting  engine ;  should  be  able  to  make  repairs,  move  his 
engine,  boilei',  and  machinery  from  place  to  place ;  have  a  thorough 
knowledge  of  the  operation  of  a  small  steam  boiler,  steam  engine,  and 
pump ;  should  be  able  to  operate  an  outfit  under  unfavorable  conditions 
in  logging  camps  or  in  general  construction  work.  He  should  have  good 
physical  strength  and  endurance  and  good  eyesight  and  hearing.  He 
should  have  had  experience  as  fireman  and  assistant  to  a  capstan  or  drum 
and  cable  man. 

CRANE  MAN  CHEER 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  crane  man  are  to  select  and  attach  all  lift- 
ing devices  and  to  direct  the  crane  operator  in  the  lifting  and  the  shift- 
ing of  loads.  He  must  also  warn  persons  who  might  be  in  danger  when 
material  is  being  lifted  or  carried. 
Qualifications:  The  crane  man  should  be  thoroughly  familiar  with  all 
the  hitches,  ties,  and  devices  for  lifting  loads.  He  should  be  a  good  judge 
of  weights ;  should  know  all  the  crane  man's  signals,  and  be  thoroughly 
familiar  with  all  the  rules  for  safety.  He  should  be  physically  fit  and 
alert  and  pass  an  examination  for  eyesight,  color  sight,  and  hearing. 
He  should  have  been  an  assistant  to  a  crane  man. 
Schooling:     Common  school. 

CRANE  OPERATOR,  BOOM  CRANE  CHEF 

Description:     The  duty  of  the  crane  operator  on  a  boom  crane  is  to  operate 

the  controlling  devices  of  a  boom  crane  in  lifting  and  placing  material 

on  such  work  as  building  and  bridge  construction  and  in  ship  building. 

Qualifications:     The  boom  crane  operator   should  thoroughly  understand 

all  the  controlling  devices  on  the  crane.    He  must  be  able  to  fire  a  small 

portable  boiler  and  to  run  a  small  hoisting  engine.    He  must  be  able  to 

make  all  minor  repairs,   such  as  repairs   to  valves,  pipe  fittings,   and 

general  machinery.     He  should  know  enough  about  all  the  parts  of  the 

machinery  to  make  reports  when  it  is  not  working  right.    He  should  be 

physically  fit  and  alert  and  pass  an  examination  for  eyesight,  color  sight, 

and  hearing.    He  should  have  had  experience  as  fireman  or  an  assistant 

to  a  boom  crane  operator. 

60 


CRANE,   DEREICK,   CAPSTAN,   HOISTING,   ETC.,   GROUP  61 

CRANE    OPERATOR.   TRAVELING   ELECTRIC    CRANE  CHESS 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  traveling  electric  crane  operator  are  to 
manipulate  controlling  devices  of  an  electric  crane  in  the  lifting  and 
shifting  of  material. 
Qualifications:  The  traveling  electric  crane  operator  must  be  able  to  handle 
the  lifting  devices  on  the  crane  and  make  single  or  double  lifts  under  the 
direction  of  the  crane  man.  In  addition  he  must  know  how  to  oil 
the  machinery  of  the  crane  and  be  familiar  enough  with  all  the  working 
parts  to  make  reports  when  they  are  not  working  right.  He  must  be 
thoroughly  familiar  with  all  the  signals  used  by  the  crane  man.  He 
must  be  physically  fit  and  alert  and  must  pass  an  examination  for  eye- 
sight, color  sight,  and  hearing  and  be  able  to  think  and  act  quickly. 
Schooling:   Common  school. 

DERRICK  OPERATOR  DAMP 

Description:  In  this  classification  the  derrick  operator  is  defined  as  one 
v/ho  operates  the  controlling  devices  of  a  derrick  or  boom  crane,  similar 
to  the  derrick  operated  by  a  construction  or  wrecking  crew  of  a  railroad, 
and  to  supervise  the  work  of  a  fireman. 

Qualifications:  The  derrick  operator  must  be  experienced  in  the  operation 
of  the  standard  types  of  a  small  steam  engine  such  as  are  used  on  loco- 
motive cranes,  well  drillers,  pile  drivers,  and  dredges.  He  must  know 
how  to  operate  all  the  controlling  devices  on  the  derrick.  He  should  be 
able  to  make  all  minor  repairs  to  the  general  machinery,  repair  and  set 
engine  valves,  make  pipe  fittings,  and  keep  the  engine  and  machinery 
in  good  running  condition.  He  should  be  familiar  with  every  part  of 
the  machinery  so  as  to  make  a  report  whan  all  is  not  working  right. 
He  should  have  good  physical  health,  good  eyesight,  color  sight,  and 
hearing. 

Schooling:   Common  school. 

HOISTING  ENGINEMAN  HAND 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  hoisting  engineman  are  to  operate  a  large 
hoisting  engine  in  hoisting  coal,  ore,  or  rock  from  a  mine  or  from 
a  shaft. 
Qualifications:  He  must  understand  thoroughly  the  operation  of  a,  large 
stationary  steam  engine  and  boilers.  He  should  know  how  to  control 
all  the  hoisting  devices,  make  all  minor  repairs  to  the  hoisting  ma- 
chinery, and  have  sufficient  knowledge  of  all  the  machinery  to  make 
reports  when  all  is  not  working  right.  He  must  thoroughly  understand 
the  operation  of  cable  and  drum  hoists  and  be  able  to  hoist  at  a  rapid 
rate.  He  must  be  thoroughly  conscious  of  the  danger  to  others  in  any 
misuse  of  the  machinery  and  in  disobedience  of  signals.  He  must  be 
physically  fit,  alert,  and  equal  to  any  emergency ;  must  have  good  eye- 
sight and  hearing.  He  must  have  had  experience  in  a  boiler  and  engine 
room  as  assistant  to  a  hoisting  engineman. 
Schooling:  Common  school;  preferably  high  school. 

PILE  DRIVER  OPERATOR  PATCH 

Kindred    Occupations:     Dredge    engineman;    Hoisting    engineman;    Steam 

shovel  operator ;  Yard  or  wrecking  crane  operator. 
Description:   The  pile  driver  operator  attends  to  the  operation  and  main- 
tenance of  standard  types  of  pile  drivers  on  any  character  of  work. 
Qualifications:  The  pile  driver  operator  must  be  a  thoroughly  experienced 
and  practical  steam  pile  driver  operator  on  both  drop  and  steam  ram 
types.    He  must  be  able  to  set  up  a  machine,  either  land  or  floating  tyi)e, 
R70fi4 — IS fi 


03  BUILDING  AND  GENEBAL  OONBTBUCTION 

and  operate  and  maintain  It  on  any  class  of  work.  He  should  be  a  good 
stonni  l)ollor  fironiun,  able  to  make  minor  repairs  on  boilers,  including  cut- 
ting out  and  replacing  or  reexp'inding  flues,  and  able  to  operate  and  main- 
tain engine  pumps,  piping,  and  iicce.ssorles ;  must  be  a  good  rope  man  and 
rigger,  also  able  to  splice  cables,  reave  ropes  and  guy  frames.  He 
should  have  a  good  general  knowledge  of  piles,  know  when  they  are 
sound  and  right  to  drive,  and  how  to  point  smd  put  shoes  on.  He 
should  understand  i)ulling  piles.  He  should  have  been  a  member  of  a 
pile  driving  crew  in  the  building  of  docks,  piers,  foundation  or  trestle 
work. 

RIGGER,  BRIDGE  AND  STRUCTURAL  RANGE 

Description:  The  bridge  and  structural  rigger's  duties  consist  of  attaching 
all  lashings  and  tackle  necessary  to  lift  all  trusses,  beams,  or  timbers  into 
place  on  bridge  or  structural  woik  of  all  kinds. 
Qualifications:  The  bridge  and  structural  rigger  must  be  a  thoroughly 
experienced  bridge  and  structural  erecting  rigger,  familiar  with  handling 
heavy  beams,  columns,  girders,  and  steel  bridge  or  structural  building 
members.  He  must  thoroughly  understand  the  erecting  and  use  of  travel- 
ing bridge  cranes,  boom  derricks,  and  electric  or  portable  hoisting  equip- 
ments used  on  such  work.  He  must  be  thoroughly  familiar  with  roping 
and  rigging  sheaves,  blocks,  pulleys,  and  guying  of  poles,  booms,  "A" 
frames,  tripods,  and  the  reeving,  running,  and  .splicing  of  hemp  or  steel 
cables  and  ropes  for  any  purpose.  He  must  understand  lashing,  hitch- 
ing, and  hooking  with  loops,  wire  ropes,  or  chains  and  be  able  to  balance 
beams  and  upend  columns.  He  should  be  able  to  handle  heavy  irregular 
pieces  and  raise  or  lower  accurately  on  erection  work  in  general. 

RIGGER,  HEAVY  MACHINERY  RANK 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  rigger  on  heavy  machinery  consist  of  the 
lifting  and  placing  of  heavy  machinery  by  means  of  any  type  of  hoisting 
machinery. 
Qualiflcations:  He  must  be  thoroughly  familiar  with  roping  and  rigging 
sheaves,  blocks,  pulleys,  and  guying  of  poles,  booms,  "A"  frames,  tripods, 
and  reeving  and  running  of  hemp  or  steel  cables  and  ropes  for  the  pur- 
pose of  hoisting  machinery  such  as  engine  beds,  boilers,  large  booming 
machinery,  or  large  shipping  machinery  of  any  kind.  He  must  thor- 
oughly understand  the  erecting  and  use  of  traveling  bridge  cranes,  boom 
derricks  and  electric  or  portable  hoisting  equipment  used  on  such  work. 
He  should  have  had  experience  in  a  crane  crew  as  a  helper  and  should 
have  had  considerable  experience  as  a  rigger  on  heavy  work  in  shipyards 
or  on  large  structural  work. 

STEAM  SHOVEL  MAN  (Boom  or  scoop  shovel)  SEINE 

Description:  The  duty  of  the  steam  shovel  man  is  to  operate  a  boom  or 
scoop  shovel  for  general  excavating  or  handling  of  coal,  ore,  or  loose 
rock. 
Qualifications:  He  should  have  a  practical  knowledge  of  the  manipula- 
tion of  boom  shovels,  must  know  how  to  change  the  position  of  the 
shovel,  how  to  keep  a  machine  shovel  close  to  the  bank,  and  how  to  drive 
from  place  to  place.  He  must  be  familiar  with  the  care  and  operation 
of  small  steam  boilers,  engines,  pumps,  and  such  other  apparatus  and 
equipment  that  usually  go  to  make  up  a  steam  shovel  outfit.  He  should 
be  able  to  make  ordinary  repairs  and  must  have  sufficient  knowleilge  of 
all  the  machinery  to  report  when  It  is  not  working  right ;  and  be  quick  in 


CRANE,  DERRICK,   CAPSTAN,   H0I8TIN0,  ETC.,  GROUP  63 

nny  eaiergencj-  iind  know  the  danger  of  cave-ins  when  excavating  in  the 
various  types  of  rcKk  and  eartli.     He  should  be  pliysically  lit  and  alert, 
and  have  good  eyesight  and   hearing.     He  sho\dd  have  had  experience 
firing  and  assisting  with  a  steam  shovel. 
Schooling:     Common  scliool. 

STEAM  SHOVEL  MAN  (Clam  shell  or  drop  bottom  type  of  bucket)  SEIZE 

Description:  The  duties  of  an  operator  of  a  clam  shell  or  drop  bottom 
shovel  are  to  remove  sand,  soft  rock,  crushed  rock,  or  earth  in  general 
dredging  and  excavating  and  in  the  handling  of  ore  and  coal. 
Qualifications:  The  clam  shell  or  drop  bottom  shovel  operator  should  be 
familiar  with  the  use  of  cable,  tackle  block,  cable  drums,  and  with  carry- 
ing cables;  should  know  how  to  anchor  and  support  carrying  cal)les  and 
be  tlioroughly  familiar  with  all  parts  of  the  machinery  connected  with 
the  hoisting  engine  and  with  moving  the  bucket;  should  be  able  to  make 
all  minor  repairs,  and  have  sufficient  knowledge  of  all  the  machinery 
to  make  a  report  when  it  is  not  working  right ;  should  have  a  thorough 
knowledge  of  firing  and  operating  small  steam  boilers,  engines,  and 
pumps.  He  should  be  a  man  equal  to  any  emergency  and  know  the 
danger  of  cave-ins  when  excavating  in  the  various  types  of  rock  and 
earth.  He  should  have  good  physical  strength  and  endurance;  good 
eyesight  and  hearing.  He  should  have  had  experience  as  fireman  and 
assistant  where  clam  shell  and  drop  bottom  buckets  are  used. 
Schooling:     Common  school. 

WEIL  DRILLER  (Domestic  water  supply)  WAIST 

Kindred  Occupations:  Boom  crane  director;  Pile  driver. 
Description:  The  duties  of  tlie  well  driller  are  the  operation  of  a  portable 
churn  well  drilling  outfit  in  the  drilling  of  wells  to  supply  water  for 
farm  or  household  use. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  thoroughly  familiar  with  the  operation  of  a 
small  well  drilling  outfit  operated  either  by  horsepower,  gasoline  power, 
or  steam  power.  He  must  be  capable  of  moving  and  setting  up  his  outfit 
and  operating  it  under  difficult  conditions.  He  must  be  able  to  drive, 
draw,  seal,  and  cap  casings.  Must  be  able  to  fish  for  drills  and  recover 
casings,  and  be  able  to  dress  well  tools.  He  should  be  experienced  in 
drilling  wells  up  to  200  feet  with  holes  from  2  to  4  inches.  He  should 
have  had  experience  as  an  assistant  to  a  driller  of  small  wells. 

WELL  DRILLER  (Oil,  gas,  and  artesian)  WAIT 

Kindred  Occupations:   Artesian  well  driller;  Oil  well  driller. 

Description:  The  duty  of  the  well  driller  is  the  operation  of  portable  or 
semiportable  churn  type  well  drilling  outfits. 

ftualifications:  He  must  be  thoroughly  experienced  and  conversant  with 
methods  and  apparatus  for  drilling  up  to  HOG  feet  and  holes  up  to  8  or 
10  inches.  Must  be  capable  of  moving,  locating,  setting  up  and  operat- 
ing, driving  or  drawing  casing,  sealing  and  capping.  Mu.st  be  able  to 
recover  casing,  or  fish  for  tools,  and  must  be  skilled  in  dressing  tools, 
able  to  run  gasoline,  oil,  or  steam  engine  equipments,  and  make  all  field 
repairs,  and  able  to  operate  In  difiicult  locations  or  under  unfavorable 
conditions.  Should  be  able  to  drill  0  or  8  inch  holes  for  churn  drill 
blasting  operations,  for  quarry  or  breaking  of  ore.  Should  have  a 
knowledge  of  shooting  wells,  and  experience  with  Star  or  Cyclone  outfits. 
Should  have  had  experience  ;it  oil  well  general  drilling,  or  artesian  weli 
drilling. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 


DRAFTSMAN,  SPECIAL,  GROUP 

ARCHITECTURAL   DRAFTSMAN  ACRID 

Description:  The  duties  of  tlie  arciiitectural  draftsman  are  planning  build- 
ings, worlclng  up  architectural  details,  and  making  general  building 
designs. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  tiioroughly  familiar  with  general  building  con- 
struction and  materials,  have  a  good  knowledge  of  architectural  styles  and 
features,  and  be  able  to  plan  and  supervise  artistic  features  of  any  class 
of  building  operations.  He  must  be  capable  of  making  free-hand  sketch 
designs  and  details,  and  able  to  make  engineering  computations  involved 
in  the  strength  of  materials,  beams,  and  trusses.  Must  be  able  to  work 
up  finished  designs  from  architects'  sketches.  Must  be  capable  of  making 
usual  computations,  such  as  estimates  of  quantities  and  costs  of  houses, 
barracks,  warehouses,  and  other  general  buildings.  Should  have  had 
experience  in  an  architect's  office  or  with  an  architectural  engineering 
concern. 
Schooling:   Preferably  high  school  or  the  equivalent. 

COMMERCIAL  DRAFTSMAN  CHEAP 

Description:  The  commercial  draftsman  should  do  general  arll-round  draft- 
ing required  by  any  commercial  firm  or  institution,  such  as  laying  out  lo- 
cation of  buildings,  plans  of  arrangements  in  offices,  large  rooms,  and 
factories,  drawing  all  kinds  of  forms,  records,  and  charts, 
ftualifications:  He  must  be  skilled  in  the  use  of  all  drafting  instruments 
required  for  this  kind  "of  work,  such  as  pens,  compasses,  dividers,  "T" 
squares,  straight  edges,  triangles,  and  scales,  and  in  the  use  of  various 
paints  and  washes  for  coloring  drawings.  Must  have  had  similar  ex- 
perience in  drafting  in  an  industrial,  commercial,  or  other  drafting 
room. 
Schooling:     Preferably  high  school  or  the  equivalent. 

HULL  DRAFTSMAN.     (See  Ship  and  boat  draftsman.) 

MAP  MAKER  MANNA 

Description:   The  duties  of  the  map  maker  are  compiling,  drawing,   and 
copying  maps  (not  topographical)   of  cities,  towns,  counties,  townships, 
States,    Territories,    continents,    road    maps,    railroad    maps,    statistical 
maps,  charts  or  graphs  or  map  work  of  a  similar  general  nature. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  thoroughly  experienced  in  the  use  of  drafting 
instruments,  and  free-hand  ruling,  writing,  and  profiling  pens  required 
for  drawing  boundaries,  shore  lines,  rivers,  railroads,  roads,  and  moun- 
tains on  maps  or  charts  of  any  kind  for  general  use  or  reproduction 
purposes.    Must  be  a  neat  and  rapid  letterer,  and  be  familiar  with  the 
use  of  water  color  paints   and   brushes  for   coloring  maps.     Must   be 
capable  of  working  on  drawing  paper,  or  tracing  linen.     Should  have 
had   experience   in   detailing   and   lettering   under   the   direction   of   an 
experienced  map  maker. 
Schooling:  Preferably  high  school  or  the  equivalent. 
64 


DRAFTSMAN,   SPECIAL,  GBOTJP  65 

MARINE   ENGINE  AND  AUXILIARY  DRAFTSMAN  MANOR 

Description:  The  duties  oi  the  marine  engine  and  auxiliary  draftsman 
are  to  prepare  assembly  and  detail  drawings  of  marine  engines  and 
auxiliary  ship  equipment. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  a  thoroughly  experienced  mechanical  drafts- 
man, with  special  knowledge  of  general  design  and  details  of  marine 
engines,  either  single,  compound,  or  triple  expansion,  steam  turbines, 
boilers,  pumps,  condensers  and  feed  water  heaters,  piping,  and  aux- 
iliary apparatus.  He  must  be  familiar  with  the  layout  of  foundations 
and  supports  of  power  and  operating  equipment  in  ships  of  different 
types.  Must  be  thoroughly  familiar  with  materials  of  construction, 
able  to  calculate  and  proportion  dimensions  of  parts,  capable  of  making 
sectional  drawings  of  any  part  or  parts  of  the  main  power  or  auxiliary 
apparatus.  Must  be  capable  of  turning  out  complete  finished  drawings 
in  connection  with  any  part  of  the  mechanical  equipment  of  a  ship. 
Schooling:   Preferably  technical  school  graduate. 

MINE  DRAFTSMAN  MANY 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  mine  draftsman  are  to  draw  to  scale  ma- 
chine and  structural  designs  worked  out  by  the  mining  engineer  or  mine 
superintendent;  to  make  sketches  and  blueprints  of  all  mine  workings, 
both  plain  and  sectional ;  and  to  plot  survey  notes  turned  in  by  the  mine 
surveyor. 
Qualifications:  The  mine  draftsman  must  first  be  a  mechanical  draftsman 
(see  Mechanical  draftsman)  ;  must  be  a  good  letterer  in  Roman  and  block 
type  of  letter;  must  be  familiar  with  mining  machinery  and  mine  terms; 
and  must  have  a  knowledge  of  topographic  and  map  work.  He  should 
have  good  health  and  good  eyesight.  He  should  have  had  experience  in  a 
drafting  room,  making  drawings  under  the  direction  of  a  mining  en- 
gineer or  mining  superintendent,  and  should  have  had  considerable  inde- 
pendent experience. 
Schooling:   Technical  high  school,  preferably  college  graduate. 

RAILROAD  SHOP  DRAFTSMAN  RAM 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  railroad  shop  draftsman  are  to  make  draw- 
ings for  locomotives,  all  general  machine  parts,  and  for  railway  car 
equipment. 
Qualifications:  He  must  have  a  thorough  knowledge  of  strength  of  ma- 
terials and  their  use  as  applied  to  rolling  stock,  and  be  experienced  in 
the  design  of  locomotive  parts;  must  be  familiar  with  shop  practices, 
including  machine  tool  work,  pattern  and  foundry  work;  must  be  a 
thoroughly  skilled  general  designer  and  draftsman;  and  must  be  familiar 
with  railroad  practice.  He  should  have  had  experience  In  mechanical 
design  and  drafting  in  railroad  shops. 
Schooling:  High  school  or  the  equivalent;  preferably  some  technical 
training. 

REINFORCED  CONCRETE   DRAFTSMAN  RAMIE 

Description:  The  duties  of  (he  reinforced  concrete  draftsman  are  the  de- 
signing and  detailing  of  all  classes  of  work  involving  reinforce<l  and 
concrete  construction. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  an  experienced  draftsman  and  designer  of  vari- 
ous types  of  concrete  buildings,  arches,  dams,  abutments,  piers,  conduits, 
and  retaining  walls,  either  mass  or  reinforced.     He  should  have  knowl- 


66  BUILDING  AND  GENERAL  C0N8TEUCTI0N 

etljje  of  the  physical  propprtles  and  chemistry  of  cement,  and  various 
kliuls  and  pradcs  of  sands  and  stones,  and  their  relative  adiiptability 
for  use  In  reinforced  concrete.  He  must  be  capable  of  calculating  pro- 
portions, size,  and  spacing  of  reinforcing  and  the  placing  of  same,  and 
be  able  to  calculate  quantities  and  costs,  and  must  be  able  to  design 
In  detail  forms  and  framing  for  concrete  work  of  all  sorts.  He  should 
have  had  experience  on  general  contracting,  bridge  building,  hydraulic 
or  civil  engineering  or  railroad  work. 
Schooling:   He  should  be  a  graduate  of  a  technical  school. 

SHIP  AND  BOAT  DRAFTSMAN— HULL   DRAFTSMAN  SECT 

Description:  Tlie  ship  and  boat  draftsman  must  do  ship  drafting  in  con- 
nection with  the  design  and  construction  of  hulls  for  large  boats  or 
ships. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  an  experienced  draftsman  witti  a  thorough 
knowledge  of  the  various  types  of  ships,  including  the  principal  dimen- 
sions, lines,  beam  members,  and  structural  details,  and  be  capable  of 
making  all  drawings,  such  as  horizontal  and  longitudinal  cross  sections, 
deck  plans,  transverse,  bulkhead,  rigging  details,  cargo  boom  and  fittings, 
water-tight  doors,  stem,  stern  frame  and  rudder  arrangements  and  de- 
tails, and  air  ports.  He  must  have  had  experience  in  the  employ  of  ship- 
building designers,  contractors,  or  marine  arcliitects,  and  sliould  have 
done  considerable  hull  drafting. 
Schooling:  Preferably  a  technical  school  graduate. 

STRUCTURAL  DRAFTSMAN  SEDGE 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  structural  draftsman  are  the  designing  and 
detailing  of  plans  involved  in  any  construction  employing  structural 
steel. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  a  thoroughly  competent  and  experienced  struc- 
tural draftsman  for  bridges  and  buildings.  Must  have  a  thorough 
knowledge  of  the  design  of  bridge  trusses,  plate  girders,  roof  trusses, 
trestle  bridges,  columns,  and  such  steel  as  would  enter  into  viaducts, 
and  also  skilled  in  structural  design  and  fabrications  of  buildings.  Must 
have  a  knowledge  of  building  requirement  such  as  of  reinforced  concrete 
work,  arches,  abutments,  piers  and  retaining  walls,  including  a  knowl- 
edge of  material  and  erecting  equipment.  Must  be  competent  to  calculate 
quantities,  and  prepare  estimates  of  materials  and  costs.  He  should 
have  had  similar  experience  in  general  structural  engineering,  bridge 
construction,  railroad  or  architectural  building  work. 
Schooling:  Preferably  a  technical  school  graduate. 


ELEVATOR  CONSTRUCTION  GROUP 

ELEVATOR   CONSTRUCTOR,    ELECTRIC    ELEVATOR  ERROR 

Description:    The  electric  elevator  constructor   assembles  and   installs   all 

kinds  of  freifjht  service  and  passenjrer  elevators. 
Qualifications:  He  should  be  able  to  read  mechanical  drawings  and  elec- 
tric wiring  diagrams  and  have  a  general  knowledge  of  all  operating 
machinery.  He  should  be  able  to  make  electric  wiring  connections  after 
the  electrical  units  have  been  put  in  place  by  the  electricians.  He  should 
know  how  to  place  the  elevator  on  the  foundations,  assemble  the  car 
and  platform,  put  up  brackets  and  rails  and  all  overhead  construction, 
install  cables  and  counter  weights,  install  and  adjust  all  safety  and  con- 
trolling devices.  He  should  have  served  an  equivalent  to  an  appren- 
ticeship and  should  have  done  considerable  work  as  a  journeyman. 
Schooling:    Preferably  technical  high  school  or  technical  college  training. 

ELEVATOR  CONSTRUCTOR,  FOREMAN  ERECT 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  elevator  constructor  foreman  are  to  install 
and  supervise  the  installation  of  all  forms  of  electric  and  hydraulic 
passenger  and  freight  service  elevators. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  able  to  read  mechanical  drawings  and  electri- 
cal wiring  diagrams.  He  should  have  a  thorough  knowledge  of  ele- 
vator foundations  and  hatchways;  be  able  to  do  or  supervise  plumb- 
ing of  the  hatchways,  setting  of  brackets  and  rails,  and  assembling  of 
the  machinery  controlling  devices;  to  check  up  electrical  or  hydraulic 
machinery,  to  set  up  tackle  and  rigging  for  the  hoisting  of  all  over- 
head machinery,  to  inspect  and  pass  upon  the  installation  of  all  cables, 
controlling  and  safety  devices,  signal  wiring  and  power  wiring.  He 
should  have  had  considerable  experience  as  a  journeyman  elevator  con- 
structor and  also  considerable  experience  in  handling  men. 

Schooling:   Preferably  technical  graduate. 

ELEVATOR  CONSTRUCTOR,  HYDRAULIC  ERRED 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  hydraulic  elevator  constructor  are  to  put 
into  place  ready  for  use  all  forms  of  elevators  run  by  hydraulic  power. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  able  to  read  mechanical  drawings,  have  a  thor- 
ough knowledge  of  setting  elevators,  putting  in  plungers,  setting  brackets 
and  rails,  plumbing  hatchways,  setting  up  overhead  machinery,  and  in- 
stalling all  safety  and  controlling  devices.  He  should  have  served  an 
equivalent  to  an  apprenticeship  and  should  have  done  considerable  work 
as  a  journeyman  elevator  constructor. 

Schooling:  Preferably  technical  high  school  or  technical  college  work. 

67 


ENGINEMAN  AND  FIREMAN  GROUP 

ENGINEMAN  AND  FIREMAN  (Portable  outfit)  ECIAT 

Kindred  Occupations:    Fii-euian;  Stntioiuiry  enprineer;  Steam  engineer. 

Description:  Tlic  duties  of  the  enginemun  and  fireman  are  the  operation 
and  upl<eep  of  small  portable  or  seniipm-table  equipments,  including 
engines  and  boilers  and  small  isolat?d  steam  power  plants. 

Qualifications:  He  must  have  an  all-round  experience  in  handling  both 
engiiit's  and  boilers  of  comparatively  small  capacity.  He  must  be  familiar 
with  boilers  and  engines  such  as  are  used  in  connection  with  donkey  en- 
gines, hoisting  engines,  pile  driver  engine  equipment,  tractors,  railroad 
pumping  stations,  or  small  isolated  steam  driven  power  plants.  He  must 
be  thoroughly  familiar  with  all  the  parts,  fittings,  and  appurtenances  of 
small  engine  and  boiler  units,  and  be  capable  of  making  all  usual  running 
repairs.  He  should  possess  a  knowledge  of  pipe  fitting,  valves,  water  and 
steam  connections,  and  be  capable  of  keeping  all  in  first-class  running 
condition.  He  should  have  had  similar  experience  in  road  building,  mine, 
contracting,  or  railroad  construction  work. 

Schooling:   Common  school. 

ENGINEMAN,  CHIEF,  POWER  HOUSE  ETCH 

Description:  The  chief  engineer  has  cliarge  of  the  power  plant  and  all  men 
working  there.  He  supervises  the  operation  of  turbine  generators,  ex- 
citers, converters,  condensers,  pumps,  and  boilers.  He  keeps  charts 
and  records  of  the  operation  of  each  separate  engine,  the  coal  used,  the 
total  load  carried  on  all  feeding  lines,  the  kilowatt  hours,  and  the  volt- 
age. He  supervises  all  repairing,  construction,  testing,  and  cleaning, 
and  directs  the  transfer  of  coal  from  barges  or  cars  to  the  bins  and 
the  removal  of  ashes. 
Qualifications:  He  must  have  a  first-class  license,  granted  upon  examina- 
tion. His  knowledge  and  experience  must  cover  all  the  equipment  in 
the  plant — turbine  generators,  boilers,  pumps,  converters,  exciters,  con- 
densers, conveyors,  switchboards,  storage  batteries,  feed  wires  and  indi- 
cators of  all  kinds ;  their  operation,  maintenance,  and  repair.  He  must 
be  a  good  mathematician  and  able  to  read  drawings  and  to  keep  charts 
and  graphs.  The  position  also  requires  that  he  have  the  ability  to  select 
and  to  deal  with  and  handle  the  men  under  him. 
Schooling:   Common  school;  technical  school  or  its  equivalent. 

ENGINEMAN.   GAS,   OIL,   OR   GASOIINE   ENGINE  EDDY 

Kindred  Occupations:    (iasoline  eugineman;  Isolated  plant  engineer:  Truck 

driver. 
Description:     The  gas,  oil,  or  gasoline  engine  engineman's  duties  consist 

of  the  operation  and  maintenance  of  standard  makes  of  intenial-com- 

bustion  engines,  either  gas,  gasoline,  or  fuel  oil,  for  portable  or  stationary 

work. 

68 


ENGINEMAN   AND  FIEEMAN  GROUP  69 

Qualifications:  Ho  must  be  a  thoroughly  practical  gas  or  fuel  oil  engine 
operator,  familiar  with  the  various  makes  and  types  of  gas,  oil,  or  gaso- 
line engines,  and  be  capable  of  taking  full  operating  charge  of  such  en- 
gines used  for  any  purpose,  such  as  driving  generators,  pumps,  general 
machinery,  construction,  or  excavating  appliances.  He  must  be  capable 
of  making  all  necessary  adjustments  and  able  to  make  usual  repairs, 
such  as  scraping  and  adjusting  bearings,  grinding  and  adjusting  valves, 
cleaning  cylinders,  and  replacing  piston  rings.  He  must  be  able  to 
adjust  carbureter  to  secure  maximum  power  and  have  some  knowledge 
of  belts.  It  is  desirable  that  he  have  a  knowledge  of  isolated  power 
plant  electrical  apparatus,  air  compressors,  and  power  pumps  for  exca- 
vations and  emergency  work.  He  should  have  had  similar  experience 
with  such  engines  for  power  purposes  in  shop,  lighting  or  power  plant, 
subway,  quarry  or  mining  operations. 

Schooling:     Common  school. 

ENGINEMAN,    GASOLINE    LOCOMOTIVE  EDGE 

Kindred  Occupations:  Auto  mechanic;  Steam  engineman  or  fireman  with 
auto  driving  experience;  Ti'actor  driver;  Truck  driver. 

Description:  The  gasoline  locomotive  engineman's  duties  consist  of  the 
operation  and  care  of  various  types  of  oil  or  gasoline  driven  locomotives. 

Qualifications:  The  gasoline  locomotive  engineman  must  have  a  thoroughly 
practical  knowledge  of  various  makes  of  oil  or  gasoline  locomotives, 
gasoline  railway  motor  cars,  or  gasoline  electric  cars.  He  must  have  a 
knowledge  of  con.struction  and  upkeep  of  internal-combustion  engines  in 
general,  including  valve  grinding  and  operating  adjustments,  and  all 
operating  i-epairs  to  gasoline  engines,  air  brakes,  and  light  locomotive 
running  gear,  and  should  be  familiar  with  railroad  operating  rules  and 
regulations  to  some  extent.  He  should  have  had  experience  as  heavy 
auto  truck  or  tractor  driver  and  mechanic. 

Schooling:     Pi-eferably  high  school. 

ENGINEMAN,  LARGE  STEAM  POWER  PLANT  OPERATOR  EVENT 

Kindred  Occupations:  Chief  engineer;  Mechanical  engineer;  Operating 
engineer  ;  Power  plant  engineer. 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  engineman  operating  a  large  steam  power 
plant  are  the  supervision,  operation,  and  maintenance  of  steam  power 
plant  equipment  of  a  central  power  or  lighting  plant. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  a  licensed  engineman,  familiar  with  and  capable 
of  directing  all  details  of  oponition  of  stationary  steam  engines  and  tur- 
bines of  all  types  and  cnpacitios,  including  boilers,  pumps,  condensers,, 
feed  water  lieaters,  air  compressors,  steam  and  water  piping,  and  methods 
of  storage  and  handling  coal.  He  must  also  have  a  thorough  knowledge 
of  operation  and  control  of  direct  or  alternating  current  generators,  high 
or  low  tension,  exciters,  switchboards,  and  understand  all  transforming, 
switching,  protective,  and  other  auxiliary  apparatus.  He  must  be  capable 
of  making  performance  tests  of  engines,  generators,  and  boilers,  and  of 
keeping  complete  and  accurate  records  of  plant  operations,  and  super- 
vising the  maintenance  of  plant  equipment.  He  should  have  had  experi- 
ence as  operating  engineman  in  a  large  steam  power  pl;int. 

Schooling:     Preferably  a  technic.-il  school  graduate. 

ENGINEMAN,  MARINE  *  EDICT 

Kindred  Occupations:  .Vssistant  onginoman;  Stationary  power  plant  en- 
gineman ;  .Steam  locomotive  engineman. 


70  BUILDING  AND  GENERAL  CONSTRUCTION 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  marine  engineman  consist  of  the  operation 
and  the  suijorvlsion,  maintenance,  and  repair  of  marine  engines  and 
cngine-ntom  auxiliary  apparatus. 

Qualifications:  The  marine  engineman  must  be  a  thoroughly  experienced 
licensed  marine  engineman,  capable  of  assuming  entire  charge  of  the 
englncvroom  of  a  large  steamer,  and  capable  of  op(;rating  single  double, 
or  triple  expansion  condensing  marine  engines,  or  high  and  low  pressure 
steam  turbines.  He  must  be  capable  of  maintaining  engine  and  auxiliary 
apparatus  in  such  condition  that  the  maximum  power  may  be  delivered 
at  short  notice  under  all  conditions  of  weather.  He  must  be  thoroughly 
familiar  with  the  operation  of  all  engine  and  boiler  room  auxiliary  equip- 
ment, such  as  electric  generators,  pumps,  condensers,  feed  water  heaters, 
and  hoisting  equipment.  He  must  be  able  to  make  all  operating  and 
emergency  repairs.  He  must  have  had  similar  experience  in  steam 
power  driven  water  craft,  such  as  ocean-going  liners,  for  freight  or 
passengers,  inland  steamers,  ferry  boats,  or  large  tug  boats. 

Schooling:    Preferably  a  technical  school  graduate. 

ENGINEMAN,   PORTABLE  EDIFY 

Kindred  Occupations:  Erecting  man  on  derricks,  hoists,  or  shovels;  Hoist- 
ing engineman  ;  Stationary  engineman  ;  Steam  engineman. 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  portable  engineman  consist  of  the  setting 
up,  operation,  and  care  of  any  kind  of  small  portable  or  semiportable 
steam  engine  used  in  erecting,  contracting,  construction,  or  for  portable 
or  semiportable  work. 

ftualifications:  The  portable  engineman  must  be  experienced  with  the  oper- 
ation of  standard  types  and  makes  of  small  steam  engines  used  on  loco- 
motive cranes,  pile  drivers,  derricks,  well  drillers,  dredges,  steam  shovels, 
hoists,  or  other  portable  or  semiportable  power  plant  requiring  both  en- 
gineman and  fireman.  He  must  be  capable  of  erecting  and  taking  entire 
charge,  and  be  able  to  make  usual  repairs  to  engine  valves  and  fittings  and 
keep  engine  in  good  running  condition  under  unfavorable  conditions.  He 
should  be  familiar  with  the  operation  of  the  boiler,  using  either  coal, 
wood,  or  oil,  and  be  able  to  assist  in  making  pipe  connections.  A  prac- 
tical knowledge  of  hitching,  raising,  lowering,  and  shifting  heavy  weights 
is  also  desirable. 

Schooling:   Common  school. 

ENGINEMAN,  REFRIGERATION  EDIT 

Kindred  Occupation:  Steam  engineman. 

Description:  The  refrigerator  engineman  attends  to  the  operation  and  up- 
keep of  mechanical  equipment  in  ice  or  refrigeration  plant. 

Qualifications:  The  refrigerator  engineman  must  be  a  licensed  engineer  and 
have  had  practical  experience  as  chief  or  watch  engineer  in  ice,  refriger- 
ation, or  cold-storage  plant.  He  must  be  skilled  in  the  care  of  ammonia 
compressors,  steam  or  motor  driven,  tanks,  expansion  coils,  receivers, 
ammonia  systems,  ammonia  piping,  pumps  and  auxiliary  apparatus.  He 
should  have  a  working  knowledge  of  boilers,  pumps,  heaters,  and  gen- 
eral power  plant  equipment. 

Schooling:   Preferably  a  technical  school  graduate. 

ENGINEMAN,   STATIONARY,   STEAM  FEI 

Kindred  Occupations:   Power  station  steam  engineer;  Stationary  engineer; 

Steam  engineer. 
Description:  The  duties  of  the  stationary  steam  engineman  consist  of  the 
operation  and  maintenance  of  any  type  or  size  of  stationary  steam  engine. 


ENGINEMAN  AND  FIEEMAN  GBOXJP  71 

steam  turbine,  air  or  gas  compressor,  and  steam  pumping  machinery,  for 
any  purpose. 

Qualifications:  The  stationary  steam  engineman  must  have  had  thorough 
general  experience  as  a  licensed  stationary  steam  engineer,  and  have 
had  responsible  operating  charge  of  various  types  and  makes  of  steam 
driven  engines.  He  must  be  thoroughly  capable  of  operating  any 
slide  valve  or  Corliss  reciprocating  engine,  noncondensing  or  condensing, 
and  high  or  low  pres.sure  steam  turbines  for  driving  either  direct  or  belt 
driven  lighting  or  power  generators,  or  mill  or  factory  power  apparatus 
of  any  kind.  He  must  also  be  capable  of  operating  steam  engines  driving 
air  or  gas  compressors,  steam  pumps,  and  any  auxiliary  power  or  steam 
apparatus  in  a  central  power  house  or  factory.  He  must  be  thoroughly 
competent  to  make  usual  minor  repairs,  such  as  locating  pounds,  taking 
up  bearings,  scraping  and  refitting  brasses,  or  packing  piston  rods  and 
pistons  of  engines,  and  able  to  overhaul  and  supervise  upkeep  of  equip- 
ment. He  must  be  familiar  with  the  steam  generating  apparatus,  such 
as  boilers,  feed  water  heaters,  economizers  and  injectors,  valves  and  pip- 
ing; some  knowledge  of  electrical  generators  and  switchboard  control 
is  desirable.  He  should  have  had  steqm  engine  operating  experi- 
ence in  a  central  power  or  lighting  station  or  isolated  power  plant. 

Schooling:   Preferably  a  technical  school  graduate. 

ENGINEMAN,  STEAM  LOCOMOTIVE  EGO 

Kindred  Occupation;  Experienced  locomotive  fireman. 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  steam  locomotive  engineman  consist  of 
running  or  driving  standard  passenger  or  freight  locomotives  of  various 
types. 

Qualifications:  The  steam  locomotive  engineman  must  be  a  thoroughly  ex- 
perienced railroad  locomotive  engineer,  with  wide  experience  on  express 
or  through  freight  service  with  some  large  American  railroad.  He 
must  be  thoroughly  familiar  with  such  types  of  locomotives  as  camel- 
back,  compound,  or  mallet,  and  with  various  types  of  valve  gears. 
He  must  have  a  thorough  knowledge  of  care,  upkeep,  and  ordinary 
running  repairs  on  locomotives,  and  be  able  to  take  entire  charge 
of  the  engine  on  any  class  of  work,  either  through,  local  or  yard  work, 
using  coal,  oil,  or  wood  fuel.  He  must  have  a  thoroughly  practical 
operating  knowledge  of  all  the  details  of  the  locomotive,  such  as  boiler 
Injectors,  reversing  mechanism,  air  pumps,  and  all  auxiliary  equipment 
and  their  upkeep.  He  must  have  an  intimate  knowledge  of  the  standard 
signal  systems  and  rules  used  on  American  railroads. 

Schooling:     Common  school ;  preferably  high  school. 

ENGINEMAN,  WATCH,  POWER  HOUSE  ETHER 

Description:  The  watch  engineman  is  in  direct  charge  of  turbine  generators, 
condensers,  pumps,  exciters,  converters,  and  boilers  during  the  period 
of  his  watch,  usually  eight  hours.  He  takes  readings  from  the  indicators 
of  the  engines  and  watches  the  load  carried  and  the  coal  supply.  The 
work  of  the  switchboard  operator,  oilers,  and  firemen  is  under  his  super- 
vision. He  assists  in  ancl  directs  repairing  and  testing  of  the  engines, 
and  looks  out  for  the  safety  of  the  men. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  a  licensed  engineman.  He  must  be  able  to 
keep  accurate  records  and  to  supervise  the  xyork  of  and  instruct  the 
men  under  him. 
Schooling:  Conuuon  school;  technical  school  or  its  equivalent. 


72  BUILDING  AND  GENERAL  CONSTRUCTION 

FIREMAN,   CHIEF,  POWER  HOUSE  FIRST 

Description:  Tlw  cliicr  riieinan  lias  iininediate  churKe  of  the  boiler  room 
:in(l  his  holpcrs.  He  sees  that  all  the  flres  are  properly  tended,  that 
the  grates  are  free  from  clinkers,  and  also  that  the  required  steam  is 
iiiniiitained.  He  oi)oratos  and  regulates  water  pumps;  operates  the 
automatic  coal  feeds  and  the  agitators ;  assists  in  the  periodic  testing 
of  the  boilers;  and  cleans  boiler  tubes  with  compressed  air  or  steam. 
Qualifications:  lie  must  have  physical  strength  and  endurance  and  must 
understand  (be  maintenance  of  a  good  fire  with  the  economic  use  of 
coal.  He  should  be  able  to  use  a  slice  bar  and  a  peel  bar,  and  should 
have  a  thorough  experience  with  boilers  and  fires.  He  must  be  qualified 
to  direct  and  instruct  his  helpers. 
Schooling:  Common  school  desirable. 

FIREMAN,  LOCOMOTIVE  FATE 

Kindred  Occupation:  Locomotive  hostler. 

Description:  The  locomotive  fireman's  duties  consist  of  the  firing  of  the 
usual  type  of  railroad  locomotives. 

Qualifications:  The  locomotive  fireman  must  be  capable  of  lieeping  up  steam 
with  any  available  fuel  that  can  be  used,  on  heavy  grades,  with  frequent 
stopping,  long  or  short  hauls,  heavy  or  light  loads,  under  all  kinds  of 
weather  conditions.  He  should  have  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  care 
and  operation  of  locomotive  furnaces,  tender  tanks  or  cisterns  and  in- 
jectors. He  should  be  familiar  with  the  operation  of  the  air-brake  equip- 
ment and  must  know  all  operating  signals.  He  should  have  a  thorough 
knowledge  of  the  standard  rules  and  regulations.  He  should  have  had 
experience  as  fireman  on  a  locomotive  boiler,  and  possess  the  necessary 
physical  fitness. 

Schooling:  Common  school;  preferably  high  school. 

FIREMAN,  MARINE  BOILER  FAULT 

Kindred  Occupations:  Fireman,  river  or  lake  craft;  Locomotive  fireman; 
Stationary  boiler  fireman. 

Description:  The  marine  boiler  fireman  fires  or  stokes  any  type  of  marine 
boiler. 

Qualifications:  The  marine  boiler  fireman  must  be  experienced  In  firing 
and  caring  for  marine  boilers  of  any  type.  He  must  be  thoroughly  ex- 
perienced in  maintaining  a  proper  fire  bed  and  steam  pressure  under 
all  marine  conditions  under  forced  or  natural  draft.  He  must  have  a 
practical  knowledge  of  safety  valves,  steam  and  water  gauges,  blow-ofE 
cocks,  and  be  able  to  act  as  water  tender.  He  should  have  some  knowl- 
edge of  condensers,  feed  water  heaters,  feed  pumps,  and  ejectors. 

Schooling:   Common  school. 

FIREMAN,  PORTABLE  BOILER  FAUN 

Kindred  Occupations:   Fireman;  Stationary  boiler  fireman. 
Description;  The  portable  boiler  fireman  fires  a  portable  or  semiportable 

steam  boiler. 
Qualifications:  The  fireman  of  a  portable  boiler  must  be  thoroughly  expe- 
rienced in  the  operation,  care,  and  cleaning  of  fire  tube  boilers,  either 
vertical  or  horizontal,  portable  or  semiportable  types,  and  capable  of 
maintaining  proper  steam  pressure,  using  various  grades  of  coal 
or  wood  fuel.    He  must  have  a  knowledge  of,  and  be  experienced  in,  the 


EI<rGINEMAN  AND  FIBEMAN"  GBOXJP  73 

use  of  injectors,  pressure  and  water  gauges,  and  safety  appliances.    He 
must  be  familiar  with  the  operation  of  steam  boilers  used  on  portable 
or  seniiportable  power  plants,  such  as  traction  engines,  steam  shovels, 
hoisting  equipments,  derricks,  pile  drivers,  cranes,  and  dredges. 
Schooling:     Common  school. 

FIREMAN'S   HELPER  FISH 

Description:  The  fireman's  helper  keeps  the  fires  in  shape  under  the  direc- 
tion of  the  head  fireman.  He  operates  the  autoniatic  coal  feeders  and 
the  agirators.  He  assists  in  testing  boilers  and  in  blowing  out  boiler 
tubes  with  compressed  air  and  steam. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  a  strong,  steady  worker.  Should  have  had 
experience  in  a  large  boiler  plant. 

FIREMAN,  STATIONARY  BOILER  FAVOR 

Kindred  Occupations:  Fireman;  I^ocomotive  fireman;  Marine  boiler  fire- 
man. 

Description:  The  stationarj*  boiler  fireman  fires  boilers  in  a  power  station, 
factor.v  power  plant,  or  heating  plant. 

Qualifications:  The  stationary  boiler  fireman  must  be  an  experienced 
general  fireman  of  stationary  fire  or  water  tube  boilers  of  standard  types 
and  able  to  act  as  water  tender.  He  must  be  thoroughly  capable  of  fir- 
ing, operating,  blowing  off,  cleaning  and  keeping  in  good  condition  any 
type  of  fire  or  water  tube  stationary  boiler,  burning  any  grade  of  coal 
or  fuel  oil.  He  must  have  a  knowledge  of  operating  chain  grate  or  auto- 
matic stokers,  forced  and  induced  draft  fans,  draft  regulators,  coal 
handling  equipment  and  economizers.  He  niust  be  thoroughly  familiar 
with  the  operation  of  various  safety  appliances,  injectors,  feed  water 
heaters  and  pumps,  and  smoke  consuming  devices.  He  should  have 
some  knowledge  of  valves  and  piping.  He  should  have  had  experience 
as  fireman  in  a  power  or  steam  plant  of  a  central  station  or  industrial 
plant. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 

LABORER,  GENERAL.  POWER  HOUSE  LEDGE 

Description:  The  general  laborer  in  the  power  house  may  be  called  upon 
to  do  any  ordinary  work  such  as  cleaning  and  assisting.  He  may  have 
such  regular  work  as  the  operation  of  the  coal  crusher  and  the  bucket 
conveyor  for  transferring  coal  from  the  crushes  to  the  bin  or  for  remov- 
ing ashes  from  the  pit  to  the  hopper.  He  also  assists  in  hauling  away 
ashes. 

Qualifications:  He  must  have  physical  strength  and  endurance  and  be  will- 
ing to  work  under  the  above  conditions. 

OILER,  POWER   HOUSE  ONION 

Description:  The  oiler  does  cleaning,  oiling,  and  packing  on  turbine  gene- 
rators, exciters,  converters,  condensers,  and  pumps.  He  looks  after  hot 
bearings  and  frequently  operates  the  controlling  levers  on  the  engines 
under  the  direction  of  the  watch  engineer.  He  assists  in  testing  and 
repairing  and  may  be  required  to  do  general  cleaning  in  the  power  house. 
Qualifications:  It  is  desirable  that  he  have  experience  as  an  oiler. 
Schooling:  Common  school. 


74  BinLDING   AND  GENERAL  CONSTRUCTTGN- 

REPAIR   MAN.   POWER   HOUSE  READY 

Description:  'J'lie  pdwcT  house  rrpair  iiuin  does  tlie  repair  work  on  boilers, 

coiKleiisers.  pumps,  and  plpinfi.     Occasionally  lie  is  required  to  repair 

the  nntoniatic  stokers  and  to  do  brick  and  concrete  work. 
Qualifications:    lie  must  be  skilled  In  pipe?  littinR,  steamfitting,  and  pump 

mid  boiler  work.     It  is  desiral>le  that  be  also  be  able  to  do  brick  and 

concrete  work. 
Schooling:  Common  school. 

LABORER  GROUP 

LABORER,   BUILDING   TRADES  LED 

As  follows:  Shovelers  in  excavations,  sand  shovelei's,  cement  handlers, 
iirick,  terra  cotta,  and  lumber  handlers. 

Description:  The  worker  employed  under  the  general  title  of  Laborer, 
building  trades,  will  be  assigned  to  one  of  the  occupations  enumerated 
above. 

Qualifications:   Should  be  physically  able  to  stand  such  work. 

Schooling:  Preferably,  should  be  able  to  read  and  write  the  English  lan- 
guage. 


PAINTER  AND  PAPER  HANGER  GROUP 
•GLAZIER  GILT 

Description:  The  glazier  does  cutting  and  setting  of  window  or  skylight 
glass,  or  glazing  of  any  character. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  thoroughly  familiar  with  general  glazing,  cut- 
ting, fitting,  and  setting  of  plain,  plate,  and  ornamental  glass  in  house 
windows,  wood  frame,  and  metal  sash,  factory  windows,  and  skylights. 
He  must  be  experienced  in  packing  and  transporting  all  kinds  of  glass 
and  be  able  to  work  under  adverse  conditions.  He  should  have  had  ex- 
perience as  glazier  for  a  mill,  factory,  or  on  building  contract. 

PAINTER.  AUTOMOBILE  OR  CARRIAGE  PEKAN 

Kindred  Occupations:   Furniture  painter;  House  interior  finisher. 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  automobile  or  carriage  painter  are  general 
painting  and  finishing  of  automobile  and  truck  bodies  and  chassis. 

Qualifications:  He  should  be  experienced  in  general  automobile  or  carriage 
painting  and  able  to  clean  up  thoroughly  preparatory  to  painting,  on 
new  or  repair  work.  He  must  understand  the  appliciition  of  priming, 
glazing,  filling,  and  gi'ound  coats,  and  varnish.  He  must  have  prac- 
tical knowledge  of  rubbing  and  preparation  for  final  finishing.  He 
should  know  how  to  mix  paint  and  care  for  paints  and  brushes.  He 
should  have  had  general  experience  in  automobile  body  painting. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 

PAINTER,  GENERAL  POLE 

Kindred  Occupations:  Fresco  painter;  Large  sign  painter. 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  general  painter  are  general  painting  of 
houses,  buildings,  or  structures  of  any  character. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  an  experienced  practical  house  or  structural 
painter,  capable  of  doing  any  general  work,  must  be  experienced  in 
covering  large  surfaces,  and  be  able  to  paint  canvas,  wood,  or  metal.  He 
should  be  familiar  with  cleaning  or  removing  paint  from  metal  or  wood 
for  repainting.  He  should  be  able  to  match  and  mix  paints  to  proper 
consistency  from  paste,  have  a  knowledge  of  paint  solvents  and  thinners, 
and  must  understand  fully  the  care  of  brushes  and  be  a  good  rigger  and 
scaffold  man.  He  should  have  a  knowledge  of  interior  brush  painting 
and  the  use  of  cold-water  paints  or  washes.  He  should  have  had  experi- 
ence as  house  painter,  bridge  painter,  or  general  painter  on  buildinf; 
contract  work. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 

PAINTER,   SIGN  PELT 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  sign  painter  are  any  class  of  sign  or  bulle- 
tin painting. 
Qualifications:  He  mu.st  be  experienced  in  painting  large  wall  signs,  bulle- 
tins, or  banners,  and  skilled  In  design  make-up  and  painting  of  all  kinds 
of  outdoor  advertising  signs,  wall,  railway,  <>r  roadside  board  signs,  all 


76  BUILDING   AND  GENERAL  CONSTRUCTION 

UiixlH  of  hullctiiis,  .s<'on('  or  <'utout.  signs,  campaign  banners,  painted 
lliigs,  aiKJ  liiinging  .signs,  vvIhmh;  largo  areas  arc  covered  or  scenes  depit^-ted. 
lie  must  !)('  ai)le  to  i)aiiit  on  canvas  dotli,  slieet  metal,  or  lioard  sections, 
and  able  to  imitate  trees,  buslies,  or  landscapes.  He  must  also  be  able 
to  enlarge  from  sketclies  or  color  design  paintings.  He  sliould  have  a 
thorough  iviiowlcdge  of  paint  mediums,  mixing  and  matching  colors,  and 
tlie  use  and  care  of  brushes  and  painters'  materials  and  apparatus,  and 
be  able  to  estimate  on  quantities.  He  .should  liave  Icnowledge  of  rigging 
and  scafl'olding  and  ability  to  wo.ri<  outdoors  under  uiifavorahl^'  condi- 
tions. 
Schooling:   Common  .school. 

PAINTER.  SIGN  LETTERER  PEN 

Kindred    Occupations:   Department    store    sign    and    card    letterer ;    Office 

l)uilding  door  letterer;  Sign  painter. 
Description:  The  duties  of  the  sign  letterer  painter  are  designing,  paint- 
ing, or  lettering  all  sorts  of  small-sized  signs,  or  card  signs. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  thoroughly  experienced  in  all  phases  of  artistic 
sign  worlc,  such  as  design,  make-up,  laying  out,  painting,  lettering, 
stripping,  gilding,  graining,  and  varnishing.  He  must  be  exi)ert  in  the 
laying  out,  proportioning,  blocking  in,  and  finishing  of  all  styles  of  letters, 
and  in  free-hand  letter  painting  of  small  card  signs,  bulletins,  and 
notices.  He  must  be  skilled  in  gold-leaf  sign  work,  and  understand  mix- 
ing of  paints  and  proper  use  and  care  of  brushes. 

PAINTER,  STRUCTURAL  STEEI  AND  BRIDGE  WORK  PENCE 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  painter  on  structural  steel  and  bridge  work 
are  to  paint  or  cover  with  any  antirust  coating  structural  steel  or  bridge 
work  in  the  process  of  erection. 
Qualifications:  He  should  know  how  to  prepare  metal  surfaces  for  the  re- 
ceiving of  paint ;  should  be  familiar  with  paints  generally  used  on  struc- 
tural steel  and  bridge  work ;  understand  the  care  and  use  of  all  tools  and 
paint  brushes ;  should  be  able  to  judge  the  proper  consistency  of  paint  to 
be  used ;  and  should  be  able  to  work  on  scaffolding  or  climb  upon  struc- 
tural work.  He  should  have  had  experience  on  similar  work  or  on 
bridge  construction  crew  or  on  large  buildings. 
Schooling:    Common  school. 

PAINT  MIXER  PENAL 

Description:  The  paint  mixer  mixes  and  grinds  pigments  and  white  lead 
used  in  the  manufacture  of  paint. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  able  to  run  paint-mixing  machines  of  standard 
makes  and  sizes ;  also  able  to  prepare  material  for  the  manufacture  of 
putty  and  operate  a  machine  for  the  same.  He  should  be  an  experienced 
paint-mill  operator  and  be  familiar  with  paint-making  processes  and  with 
the_handling  and  packing  of  paints,  leads,  etc. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 

PAPER  HANGER  POLAR 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  paperhanger  are  to  prepare  walls  for  re- 
ceiving paper  and  to  hang  the  paper  and  border. 
Qualifications:  He  should  know  how  to  size  and  patch  walls  for  receiving 
p:!per,  and  should  know  how  to  mix  flour,  starch,  and  commercial  pasta 
He  should  have  a  thorough  knowledge  of  all  paperhanging  tools,  includ- 
ing edgers,  paste  brushes,  and  squeegee  rollers ;  must  know  how  to  make 


PAINTER   AND   PAPER  HANGER  GROUP  77 

butt  and  lap  joint,  match  patterns  and  run  borders,  and  have  a  thorough 
knowledge  of  the  various  qualities  of  paper  and  their  appropriate  use 
as  to  color  and  location  in  rooms  used  for  different  purposes.  He  should 
have  had  experience  as  a  paperhanger's  helper  or  apprentice  and  should 
have  had  considerable  work  as  a  journeyman. 
Schooling:  Common  school. 

PAPER  HANGER'S  HELPER  POLKA 

Description:  The    duties    of   the   paperhanger's    helper    are   to    assist    the 

paporhanger  in  trimming  and  pasting  paper  and  sizing  walls, 
ftualifications:  He  should  be  a  young  man  who  desires  to  learn  the  p:iper- 

hanging  trade.     He  should  study  the  matching  of  colors  and  the  various 

working  out  of  color  schemes. 
Schooling:   Common  school. 

STEEPLE  JACK  SHAFT 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  steeple  jack  are  to  paint  smokestacks,  water 

tanks,  and  steeples  or  other  high  buildings, 
ftualifications:  He  must  be  a  thoroughly  experienced  painter,  familiar  with 
all  kinds  of  paint  generally  used  for  the  painting  of  tanks,  smokestacks, 
and  steeples;  must  be  able  to  prepare  all  surfaces  for  receiving  the  paint. 
He  should  be  able  to  arrange  and  adjust  tackle  or  direct  the  making  of 
scaffolding  necessary  to  reach  all  parts  of  any  tank,  steeple,  or  smoke- 
stack. 

VARNISHER    AND    WOOD    FINISHER  VAIL 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  varnisher  and  wood  finisher  are  to  prepare 
wood  surfaces  of  all  kinds  for  varnish,  and  to  apply  stain,  varnish,  wax, 
and  other  similar  materials, 
ftualifications:  The  varnisher  and  wood  finisher  should  understand  thor- 
oughly all  methods  of  bringing  wood  to  the  desired  finish  before  applying 
varnish.  He  must  thoroughly  understand  all  methods  of  filling  open- 
grain  wood  and  priming  close-grain  wood.  He  must  understand  the  care 
and  use  of  varnish  brushes  and  tools,  know  how  to  use  water,  oil.  naphtha, 
or  spirit  stains,  and  be  familiar  with  the  various  grades  of  shellacs,  var- 
nishes, and  wax  compounds  used  for  varnishing.  He  should  understand 
sandpapering  and  rubbing  various  kinds  of  varnish  and  know  how  to 
make  wax  and  bright  and  dull  varnish  finishes.  He  should  have  hiid 
experience  on  high-grade  furniture  work,  interior  office  work,  and  on 
high-grade  residence  work. 
Schooling:   Common  school. 

WOOD  FINISHER.      {Sec  Varnisher  and  wood  finisher.) 
870W— 18 7 


PLUMBER,  STEAM  FITTER,  PIPE  FITTER,  AND  PIPE  COVERER  GROUP 

CALKER,  LEAD  CHEST 

Kindred  Occupations:  Hand  chipper;  Plumber. 

Description:  Tlio  duties  o1'  tlie  lead  calker  are  calking  and  scaling  bell 
and  spigot  cast-iron  pipe  of  all  kinds.  The  work  is  usually  done  by  a 
phnnber. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  practically  experienced  in  the  laying  and  calk- 
ing of  cast  iron  bell  ends  and  gas  mains  of  the  sizes  generally  used  on 
inside  construction.  Should  be  capable  of  setting  and  centering  pipe, 
elbows,  crosses,  valves,  and  plugs,  and  yarning,  damming,  melting  lead, 
and  calking  with  the  hand  or  pneumatic  calking  hammer  and  tools. 
Should  have  a  thoroughly  practical  knowledge  of  all  ordinary  tools  and 
be  able  to  work  on  any  class  of  work  under  adverse  conditions.  He  should 
have  had  like  experience  with  city  water  works  or  private  gas  or  water 
company  or  considerable  experience  as  pipe  lead  calker  on  large  building 
operations. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 

PIPE  COVERER  PATE 

Kindred  Occupations:    Asbestos  worker;  Heat  and  frost  insulator. 

Description:  The  dutj-  of  the  pipe  coverer  is  to  apply  heat  and  frost  insu- 
lation material  (including  covering  and  insulation  with  asbestos,  mineral 
wool,  or  felt)  to  al!  kinds  of  pipes,  tanks,  and  boilers. 

Qualifications:  He  nmst  be  experienced  in  applying  insulating  coverings 
of  any  character  to  steam,  water,  or  refrigerating  piping  and  engine 
cylinders.  Must  also  be  able  to  plaster  properly  and  canvas-cover  spe- 
cial apparatus,  valves,  and  fittings  on  any  class  of  work.  Should  be 
skilled  in  mixing  insulating  plaster,  and  in  the  use  of  the  trowel  for 
laying  and  finishing.  He  should  have  had  like  experience  on  large  con- 
tract or  power  station  work. 

Schooling :  Connnon  school. 

PIPE  FITTER,  AMMONIA  PATEN 

Kindred  Occupations:   Expert  pipe  fitter;  Steam  fitter. 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  ammonia  pipe  fitter  are  the  erection  and 
maintenance  of  all  pipe  work  required  in  connection  with  the  ammonia 
system  of  a  refrigerating  plant. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  experienced  in  erecting  and  maintaining  am- 
monia piping  and  general  piping  around  ice  or  cold  storage  plants.  He 
must  have  a  thorough,  practical  knowledge  of  ammonia  valves,  fittings, 
and  connections,  and  be  able  to  install,  according  to  layout  drawings,  a 
complete  ammonia  piping  system.  Should  have  a  good  knowledge  of 
boiler-room  piping,  pump  and  tank  connections,  and  should  be  familiar 
with  erecting  and  supporting  large  pipe.  He  should  have  had  a  like  ex- 
perience in  a  large  commercial  cold  storage  plant. 

Schooling:   Common  school. 
78 


PLUMBER,    STEAM    FITTER,   PIPE    FITTER,    ETC.,    GROUP  79 

PIPE  FITTER.  FOREMAN  PATH 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  foreman  pipe  fitter  are  the  supervision, 
erection,  or  maintenance  of  extensive  piping  systems  for  general  purposes. 
Qualifications:  He  mu.st  be  a  thoroughly  experienced  and  skilled  pipe  fitter, 
capable  of  handling  any  kind  or  sized  job.  Must  be  experienced  in  all 
classes  of  water,  gas,  oil.  or  compressed-air  piping,  using  screw  thread 
or  Hanged  pipe  in  large  sizes  for  low  or  high  pressure  or  hydraulic 
work.  Must  have  thorough,  practical  knowledge  of  valve  fittings  and 
tank,  pump,  or  boiler  constructions.  Must  be  able  to  work  to  drawings 
or  sketches  and  competent  to  supervi.se  general  piping  erection,  inside 
or  outside,  such  as  engine  and  boiler  piping  for  power  stations  or  large 
pumping  installations.  Should  be  skilled  in  the  use  of  I'opes  and  blocks 
for  rigging,  and  setting  temporary  or  permanent  supports,  and  must  un- 
derstand providing  for  expansion  and  di-ainage.  Should  be  experienced 
in  factory  or  power-plant  piping  and  installation  work. 
Schooling:    Preferably  some  technical  training. 

PIPE  FITTER,  JOURNEYMAN  PATTY 

Kindred  Occupations:     Plumber;  Steam  fitter. 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  journeyman  pipe  fitter  are  to  install  pipe 
fittings  for  general  purposes. 

Clualifications:  He  must  be  a  thoroughly  practical  pipe  fitter,  able  to  lay 
out  fi-om  drawings  or  sketches,  and  do  any  general  work  in  connection 
with  installing  permanent  or  temporary  gas,  air,  oil,  or  water  piping. 
Should  have  general  knowledge  on  steam  pipe  work,  boiler  and  pump  con- 
nections, and  steam  apparatus,  and  should  be  competent  to  work  under 
direction  on  installation  or  plant  maintenance  work.  He  should  h^ive  had 
general  experience  as  plant  pipe  man,  or  fitter  on  contract  work,  or  have 
served  a  regular  apprenticeship. 

Schooling:     Common  school. 

PIPE  FITTER,  LOCOMOTIVE  PAUSE 

Kindred  Occupations:    Pipe  fitter,  expert;  Plumber;   Steam  fitter. 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  locomotive  pipe  fitter  are  all  kinds  of  pipe 
work  involved  in  the  construction  or  repair  of  steam  locomotives. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  thoroughly  skilled  and  experienced  in  all  kinds 
of  pipe  work  and  be  able  to  cut,  bend,  and  fit  to  drawings  or  specifica- 
tions, steam  pipes  for  pressure  up  to  2.50  pounds  per  square  inch,  and 
do  all  other  kinds  of  pipe  fitting  and  work  involve<l  in  fitting  and  con- 
necting steam,  water,  and  air  pipes  to  outlets,  fixture.s,  and  operating  ap- 
paratus forming  parts  of  a  locomotive.  Must  thoroughly  understand  the 
operation  of  hand  and  power  driven  pipe  cutting  and  threading  ma- 
chines and  pipe  cutters.  Mu.st  have  a  practical  knowledge  of  standard 
valves,  fittings,  tank,  pninp,  and  boiler  connections.  Must  be  capable  of 
performing  tasks  on  converted  pipe  work  under  water  jiressuio.  He 
should  have  had  experience  on  locomotive,  factory,  or  power  jilant  piping 
installation  work. 

Schooling:     Common  school. 

PIPE  FITTER,  OUTSIDE  PAVE 

Kindred  Occupations:    I'ipe  fitter;  Plumber;  Steam  fitter. 
Description:     The  duties  of  the  outside  pipe  fitter  are   general   outdoor 

pipe  erection,  or  fitting  work  around  mines  or  quarries,  or  construction 

work  of  any  character. 


80  BUILDING   AND  GENERAL  CONSTRUCTION 

Qualifications:  lie  tiiust  he  a  priutical  K<'"ei!il  pip''  fitter,  experienced  on 
outside  |)lpliiK  lor  (•oiiiprcKHed  air,  uns,  slcain,  or  wjiter.  Must  be  experi- 
enced in  enierKen<'.v  pip<?  installiitlon  or  repairs,  and  in  runninj^  lonj^  or 
tenijtor.ir.v  air  or  steam  pipe  lines  in  quarries,  ndnes,  or  any  kind  of  con- 
struction work,  for  operation  of  rock  di-ills,  hoists,  or  pumps  used  for 
emerf^ency  pumping?.  Siiould  be  able  to  cut  and  fit  from  sketches  and  be 
capable  of  doiuK  lijiht  work  in  the  open  under  unfavorable  conditions, 
and  should  have  general  knowledge  of  the  use  of  standard  valves,  fittings, 
and  pipe,  and  should  preferably  have  some  knowledge  of  proportioning 
pipes  and  mains,  and  be  familiar  with  pipe  covering  and  insulation  of 
exi)osed  lines.  lie  should  have  served  an  equivalent  to  an  appi-enticeship 
with  an  outside  pipe  fitter. 

Schooling:     Common  school. 

PIPE  FITTER'S  HELPER  PAWN" 

Kindred  Occupations:    I'l umber's  helper;  .Steam  fitter's  helper. 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  pipe  fitter's  helper  are  to  carry  tools,  keep 
the  pipe  fitter  supplied  with  general  materials,  cut  pipe  and  threads,  and 
make  minor  fittings  under  the  direction  of  the  general  pipe  fitter. 

Qualifications:  He  should  be  a  good  healthy  young  man  who  has  shown 
a  desire  to  learn  the  pipe  fitter's  trade.  If  he  can  not  read  drawings 
and  make  the  necessary  calculations  for  cutting  pipes,  he  should  be 
willing  to  pursue  a  course  of  study  along  these  lines. 

Schooling:   Common  school,  preferably  trade  school. 

PIPE   FITTER,    SPRINKLER   SYSTEMS  PAY 

Kindred  Occupations:  General  pipe  fitter,  journeyman;  Pluml)er,  journey- 
man ;  Steam  fitter,  journeyman. 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  sprinkler-system  pipe  fitter  are  to  install 
all  piping  and  fixtures  used  in  a  sprinkler  system,  including  all  hydrant, 
I^nmp,  and  nozzle  connections. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  a  thoroughly  experienced  pipe  fitter,  able  to 
work  to  drawings  and  templates ;  be  able  to  order  all  stock  and  ma- 
terials ;  must  have  a  thorough  knowledge  of  all  pipe  fittings,  including 
valves  and  sprinkler  nozzles.  He  should  have  had  experience  as  a 
helper,  equivalent  to  a  regular  apprenticeship. 

Schooling:   Common  school,  preferably  high  school. 

PIPE  LAYER,  TRENCH,  FOREMAN  POISE 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  trench  pipe  layer  foreman  are  to  lay  and 
supervise  the  laying  of  pipe  lines  of  any  size  or  any  character  for  gen- 
eral pipe  line  service. 
Qualifications:  He  should  be  able  to  read  drawings  and  specifications,  must 
be  practically  experienced  in  laying  and  supervising  the  laying  of  all 
kinds  of  water,  gas,  and  oil  pipes.  -  He  must  be  experienced  in  pipe  line 
work,  such  as  laying,  jointing,  leveling  and  grading  small  and  large 
pipes,  whether  of  wrought  iron,  cast  iron,  or  wood  staves.  He  must  be 
thoroughly  familiar  with  valves  and  pipe  fittings,  must  understand  fully 
the  use  of  cutters,  pipe  dies,  wrenches,  tongs,  and  pneumatic  tools  for 
chipping  and  calking  either  lead  joints  or  riveted  .sections.  He  should 
have  a  thorough  knowledge  of  placing  sheet  piling  for  the  prevention 
of  cave-ins  in  trenches,  should  have  a  general  knowledge  of  building 
of  manholes  and  making  pipe  connections.  He  should  h've  had  experi- 
ence in  laying  city  water  lines,  sewers,  and  gas  pipe  lines. 
Schooling:   Preferably  technical  school  graduate. 


PLUMBER,   STEAM   FITTER,   PIPE   FITTER,   ETC.,   GROUP  81 

PIPE  LAYER,  TRENCH,  JOURNEYMAN  POKE 

Description:   The  duties  uf  the  ijipe  layer   trenchman   are  the  laj-ing  of 

pipe  lines  of  any  size  or  character  and  for  any  service. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  practically  experienced  in  the  laying  of  all 
kinds  of  water,  gas,  and  oil  pipes,  on  surface  and  in  trenches.  Must  be 
thoroughly  experienced  in  pipe-line  work  such  as  laying,  jointing,  level- 
ing, grading,  and  supporting  small  and  large  pipes  of  wrought  iron, 
cast  iron,  bell  and  spigot  or  wood  stave  pipe.  Must  be  thoroughly 
familiar  with  valves  and  pipe  fittings.  Should  understand  fully  the 
use  of  cutters,  pipe  dies,  wrenches,  tongs,  and  pneumatic  tools  for  chip- 
ping and  calking,  either  lead  joints  or  riveted  sectional  pipe.  Should 
have  a  thorough  practical  knowledge  of  driving  sheet  piling  or  placing 
sheeting  in  trenches,  handling  heavy  pipe,  and  building  manlioles. 
Should  have  had  experience  in  laying  city  water  lines  or  sewers,  or 
with  municipal  or  private  water  or  gas  companies,  oil  or  gas  pipe 
lines,  hydraulic  power  lines  and  steam  piping.  He  should  have  had  con- 
siderable experience  as  helper  and  independent  worker. 
Schooling:     Common  school. 

PLUMBER.   FOREMAN  PEA 

Kindred  Occupations:  General  plumber;  Pipe  fitter  foreman. 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  foreman  plumber  are  the  supervision,  in- 
stallation, and  maintenance  of  all  classes  of  sanitary  plumbing  and 
fixtures. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  an  all-round  licensed  plumber,  experienced  in 
installing  all  kinds  of  interior  and  exterior  sanitary  plumbing.  Must  be 
able  to  work  to  drawings  and  specifications  on  any  sized  job,  and  to 
lay  out  and  supervise  work  for  service  connections  througliout  to  the 
sewer  connections.  Must  have  a  thorough,  practical  knowledge  of  con- 
struction use  of  all  kinds  of  standard  sanitary  plumbing  and  other  equip- 
ment, including  hot  water  and  steam  heating  systems  used  in  connec- 
tion with  toilet,  laundry,  and  sinks.  Must  be  an  experienced  pipe  fitter 
capable  of  installing  water  or  heating  piping,  and  be  skilled  in  lead 
pipe  work.  Must  have  a  complete  working  knowledge  of  maintenance 
and  repair  of  sanitary  appliances.  Should  have  had  wide  experience 
on  large  contract  work,  such  as  plumbing  in  factories,  hotels,  or  office 
buildings.  Should  have  had  considerable  experience  as  an  all-round 
journeyman  plumber. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 

PLUMBER.    JOURNEYMAN  PEACE 

Kindred  Occupations:    I'ipe  fitter,  journeyman;   Steam  fitter,  journeyman. 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  journeyman  plumber  are  the  in.stallation 
and  repair  of  all  plumbing  and  fixtures. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  a  practical  general  plumber,  experienced  in 
installing  sanitary  plumbing  and  appliances,  such  as  toilets,  sinks, 
drains,  and  waste  pipes.  He  must  be  familiar  with  general  piping  and 
lead  pipe  work,  pipe  fittings,  calking  joints,  and  making  service  connec- 
tions. Should  have  some  knowledge  of  hot  water  and  steam  heating 
systems.  Should  have  had  an  experience  equivalent  to  an  apprentice- 
sliip  to  a  general  plumber. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 


82  BUILDING   AND  OENEIiAL  CONSTRUCTION 

PLUMBER,    MARINE  PEACH 

Kindred  Occupations:  l']\n'.  lilliT,  .iounicyiium ;  I'luiiil)ci-,  .joui'iieyniiiii ; 
Steam  litter,  marine. 

Description:  Tiie  duties  of  Wn:  marine  itlnnil)cr  are  tlie  installation  and 
repair  of  all  kinds  of  plumbing  etiuipmeiit  and  lixtures  on  board  ship. 

Qualifications:  lie  must  be  a  practical  i)luml)er,  exi)erienced  in  installing 
all  kinds  (if  sanitary  plumbing  appliances,  such  as  toilets,  sinks,  drains, 
and  waste  pii)es.  He  must  have  a  thorou;;li  kno\vledf;e  of  all  kinds  of 
pil)e  littinKS.  Must  be  able  to  work  from  drawings  or  templates  and  be 
able  to  make  his  own  templates. 

The  inarine  plumber  must  be  especially  skilled  in  bending  all  sizes  of 
pipe,  and  in  handling  large  sizes  of  lead  pipe.  He  should  have  not  less 
than  an  equivalent  to  an  apprenticeship  under  a  journeyman  plumber. 

Schooling:  Not  less  than  common  school,  preferably  trade  school  or  tech- 
nical high  school. 

PLUMBER'S   HELPER  PEAK 

Kindred  Occupations:   Pipe  fitter's  helper;   Steam  fitter's  helper. 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  plumber's  helper  are  to  carry  tools,  keep 
the  plumber  supplied  with  general  materials,  cut  pipe  and  threads,  and 
make  minor  fittings  under  the  direction  of  the  general  plumber. 

Qualifications:  He  should  be  a  good  healthy  young  man  who  has  shown 
a  desire  to  learn  the  plumber's  trade.  If  he  can  not  read  drawings 
and  make  calculations  necessary  for  cutting  pipes,  he  should  be  willing 
to  pursue  a  course  of  study  along  these  lines. 

Schooling:  Conunon  school,  preferably  trade  school. 

STEAM  FITTER,  FOREMAN  SELAH 

Kindred  Occupations:   Pipe  fitter,  foreman;  Plumber,  foreman. 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  foreman  steam  fitter  are  to  supervise  the 
running  of  steam  lines,  the  making  of  pump,  boiler,  oil,  air,  and  radiator 
connections,  and  the  connecting  up  and  adjusting  of  steam  thermostats 
and  gauges. 

Qualifications:  The  foreman  steam  fitter  should  be  skilled  in  the  use  of 
all  types  of  ster>m  fitters'  tools;  should  be  able  to  install  either  verti- 
cal or  horizontal  steam  lines,  using  all  sizes  of  pipe  and  on  both  high 
and  low  pressure  work ;  should  have  a  thorough  knowledge  of  setting 
and  adjustment,  and  also  a  thorough  knowledge  of  thermostat  heat  con- 
trol ;  should  have  a  general  knowledge  of  pipe  fitting  other  than  for 
steam  work ;  should  be  able  to  order  materials,  calculate  and  cut  lengths 
of  pipe,  and  have  ability  to  control  men  and  to  lay  out  woi'k  from  draw- 
ings, sketches,  or  templates.  He  should  have  had  considerable  experi- 
ence as  a  journeyman  steam  fitter. 

Schooling:  Not  less  than  common  school,  preferably  trade  school  or  techni- 
cal high  school. 

STEAM  FITTER,  JOURNEYMAN  SELF 

Kindred  Occupations:  General  plumber,  journeyman;  Pipe  fitter,  journey- 
man. 
Description:  The  duties  of  the  journeyman  steam  fitter  are  to  fit  all  types 
and  sizes  of  steam  pipes ;  to  make  pump,  boiler,  oil,  air  and  radiator 
connections,  under  the  direction  of  a  superintendent  or  foreman. 
Qualifications:  He  should  be  able  to  work  from  drawings  or  templates; 
should  have  a  thorough  mastery  of  all  common  steam  fitting  tools ;  should 


PLUMBER,    STEAM    FITTER,   PIPE   FITTER,    ETC.,    GROUP  83 

be  able  to  place  and  adjust  all  types  of  steam  valves  and  gauges,  cal- 
culate and  cut  lengths  of  pipe,  and  order  materials.  He  should  have 
had  experience  equivalent  to  an  apprenticeship  under  a  journeyman 
steam  fitter. 
Schooling:  Not  loss  than  common  school,  preferably  trade  school  or  tech- 
nical high  school. 

STEAM  FITTER,  MARINE  SELL 

Kindred  Occupations:   Pipe  fitter,  marine;  Plumber,  marine. 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  marine  steam  fitter  are  to  install  anj'  or 
all  portions  of  a  steam  pipe  system,  including  pump  connections,  boiler 
connections,  oil,  air,  and  radiator  connections,  working  under  the  direc- 
tion of  a  superintendent  or  foreman. 

Qualifications:  He  should  be  able  to  work  from  drawings  or  templates 
and  sliould  be  able  to  make  his  own  templates.  He  should  have  a 
thorough  mastery  of  all  common  steam  fitting  tools  and  be  able  to  cal- 
culate and  cut  all  lengths  of  pipe  and  order  all  materials.  He  must 
understand  the  setting  and  placing  of  all  steam  valves. 

The  marine  steam  fitter  must  be  especially  skilled  in  liending  all  sizes 
of  pipe.  He  should  have  had  experience  equivalent  to  an  apprentice- 
ship under  a  journeyman  marine  steam  fitter. 

Schooling:  Not  less  than  common  school,  preferably  trade  school  or  tech- 
nical high  school. 

STEAM    FITTER'S   HELPER  SEND 

Kindred  Occupations:   Pipe  fitter's  helper;  Plumber's  helper. 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  steam  fitter's  helper  are  to  assist  the  steam 
fitter  in  holding  pipe,  handling  tools,  and  cutting  threads  and  pipe,  and 
making  pipe  connections  under  the  direction  of  the  steam  fitter.  The 
helper  is  usually  in  training  to  become  a  steam  fitter. 

Qualifications:  He  should  be  a  healthy  young  man  who  has  shown  a  desire 
to  loai-n  the  trade.  When  he  becomes  an  apprentice,  he  should  be  able 
to  read  drawings  and  make  ordinai-y  measurements,  or  should  be  willing 
to  pursue  a  course  of  study  along  these  lines. 

Schooling:   Common  school,  preferably  trade  school. 

THERMOSTAT  MAN  TEASE 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  thermostat  man  are  to  install,  connect, 
and  adjust  heat  control  devices  of  all  kinds  in  connection  with  heating 
systojus. 
Qualifications:  He  should  be  thoroughly  familiar  with  the  principles  of 
thermostat  heat  control ;  should  be  familiar  with  all  the  various  stand- 
ard thermostats;  should  know  how  to  adjust  and  repair,  and  how  to 
replace  parts;  should  be  able  to  work  from  drawings  and  to  order  stock 
and  supplies.  He  should  have  had  experience  as  an  apprentice  or  as  a 
helper  equivalent  to  a  full  apprenticeship. 
Schooling:   Common  school. 


ROOFER  GROUP 

ROOFER,  COMPOSITION  READ 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  composition  roofer  are  to  lay  all  kinds  of 

(•onniiercial  conii)osition  for  the  surfacing  of  roofs. 
Qualifications:  He  must  know  how  to  mix  commercial  roofing  composi- 
tions, understand  the  laying  of  papers  or  canvas  or  any  other  materials 
rc.idy  to  receive  the  final  coating.  He  should  have  had  experience  as  a 
lu'lptT  and  should  have  done  considerable  work  as  a  journeyman  roofer. 
Schooling:   Connuon  school. 

ROOFER,  SLATE  AND  TILE  REACT 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  tile  and  slate  roofer  are  to  lay  tile  and 

slate  for  all  kinds  of  roofing  work, 
ftualifications:  He  must  be  able  to  work  to  specifications,  perforate  tile 
and  slate  for  the  receiving  of  nails,  line  tile  or  slate  for  roofing  and 
place  ridge  pieces  necessary  for  forming  a  complete  slate  or  tile  roof. 
He  should  have  had  experience  as  an  apprentice  and  considerable  ex- 
perience as  a  journeyman  roofer. 
84 


SHECT  METAL  WORKER  GROUP 

BUMPER  BAND 

Description:     The  duties  of  the  bumper  are  to  use  a  small  power  machine 

Iviiowii  as  the  bumper,  to  form  special  shapes  of  sheet  metal. 
Qualifications:  He  should  be  able  to  read  drawings,  work  to  samples  or 
templates  and  must  be  able  to  make  his  own  templates.  He  must  be  thor- 
oughly familiar  with  all  forming  tools  over  which  metal  is  formo^  by 
staking  or  bumping  processes.  He  must  be  thoroughly  familiar  with  an- 
nealing processes  and  annealing  furnaces  used  in  connection  with  draw- 
ing, spinning,  or  fornnng  sheet  metals.  He  should  have  served  an  equiva- 
lent to  an  apprenticeship  and  have  done  considerable  work  as  a  journey- 
man bumper. 
Schooling:  Connnon  school,  preferably  a  special  course  in  sheet-metal  draw- 
ing and  layout  work. 

COPPERSMITH  CHEAT 

Kindred  Occupations:   Sheet  metal  worker;  Tinsmith. 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  coppersmith  are  to  make  and  repair  cop- 
per utensils,  to  install  and  repair  copi^er  piping  and  connections  on  such 
work  as  boilers,  chemical  apparatus,  and  distilling  equipment. 

Qualifications:  He  umst  be  experienced  in  all  phases  of  coppersmith  work 
and  able  to  work  to  drawings,  sketches,  templates,  or  samples  and  lay  out 
and  form  from  sheet  copper  such  articles  as  copper  kettles  and  funnels,  to 
install  copper  pipes  for  marine  and  stationary  engines  and  install  pipes 
and  make  fittings  for  gas  ejector  equipment.  He  must  be  skilled  in  bend- 
ing, shaping,  and  fitting  pipes  for  high  pressure  steam,  water,  or  other 
purposes.  He  must  also  be  capable  of  tipping  wooden  parts  with  sheet 
metal,  soldering  joints,  repairing  gas  tanks  and  radiator^.  He  must  be 
thoroughly  familiar  with  sheet  metal  pattern  layout  and  making,  the 
use  of  proper  fluxes  in  brazing,  and  skilled  in  the  use  of  brazing  furnaces 
and  gasoline  blow  torches.  He  must  also  be  familiar  with  working  other 
metals,  such  as  brass  and  sheet-aluminum.  He  should  have  had  similar 
experience  in  a  railroad  or  industrial  shop. 

Schooling:     Preferably  trade  school  or  technical  high  school. 

METAL  SPINNER  '  MINCE 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  metal  spinner  are  to  shape  by  spinning  spe- 
cial slioet  metal  forms. 
Qualifications:  He  should  read  drawings,  be  able  to  work  to  templates  and 
saniiilcs ;  should  be  able  to  make  his  own  layouts  and  templates;  should 
use  skillfully  all  spinner's  tools;  miderstand  the  making  and  use  of  spin- 
ning forms.  He  should  be  thoroughly  familiar  with  the  various  annealing 
furnaces  and  annealing  processes  used  in  drawing  and  spinning  sheet 
metal.  He  should  have  had  experience  equivalent  to  an  apprenticeship 
as  a  metal  spinner  and  have  done  considerable  work  as  a  journeyman. 
Schooling:  Common  school,  preferably  a  special  course  in  sheet  metal  lay- 
out work. 

85 


HG  BUlLDlxNG    AND   UKNEItAL   CONSTRUCTION 

PUNCHER,   OR  PUNCH  PRESS  HAND  PEASE 

Kindled  Occupation:   I>i;i<ksiiiilli,  hoilci-  shop  or  pljito  slie<l  group. 

Description:  Tlie  duties  of  tiic  puncher  are  to  r>uncli  hoh'S  in  plates,  chan- 
nels, hars,  or  uukIos  to  layout  furnished  hy  layout  man. 

Qualifications:  lie  nni.st  be  able  to  operate  single  and  multiple  punch 
presses  working  on  large  jilates.  chamiels,  or  angles,  to  set  liunches  and 
dies  and  keep  lliein  in  condition.  He  must  he  ahl(!  to  direct  the  work  of 
helpers. 

Schooling:   Common  school. 

SHEET   METAL   LAYOUT    MAN    AND    PATTERN    DEVELOPER  SEED 

Description:    'I'lie   sheet    nietnl    liiyoul    m:in    liiys    out    hy    lines    and    prick 

puncii  marks  all  sheet  metal  patterns  and  forms. 
Qualifications:    He  must   he  thoroughly   skilled   in    the   use  of  all   layout 
»    tools ;  thoroughly  understand  projections  and  developments  as  used  in 
sheet  metal   work ;   should  have  suflicient  experience  as  a  sheet  metal 
worker  to  be  thoroughly  familiar  with  the  possibilities  and  limitations 
of  the  machines  for  which  the  layout  is  made.     He  should  have  served 
at  least  an  equivalent  to  an  apprenticeship  as  a  sheet  metal   worker, 
and   should   have  done  considerable  sheet   metal   drawing  and  pattern 
development. 
Schooling:  Conunon  school  and  an  independent  cour.se  in  sheet  metal  draft- 
ing and  layout;  preferably  some  technical  training. 

SHEET  METAL  WORKER,  BUILDING  TRADES  SLAVE 

Description:  The  sheet  metal  worker  in  the  building  trades  makes  and 
installs  all  kinds  of  sheet  metal  fittings  usually  required  in  building 
construction. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  capable  of  w'orking  to  drawings,  patterns,  and 
templates  and  capable  of  making  and  hanging  all  kinds  of  cornices 
and  ornamental  sheet  metal  work  for  buildings,  and  making  and  install- 
ing ventilating  equipment,  including  ventilating  ducts,  ventilators,  fan 
housings  and  connections,  furnace  casings  and  connections,  and  air 
heater  casings  of  any  kind.  He  should  also  have  a  knowledge  of  light 
angle  and  channel  frames  used  in  stiffening  or  carrying  ^heet  metal 
construction.  He  should  do  skillfully  all  riveting  and  soldering  work 
and  use  skillfully  all  sheet  metal  bench  and  floor  tools.  He  should  have 
served  at  least  an  equivalent  to  an  apprenticeship  to  a  journeyman 
sheet  metal  worker. 
Schooling:  Common  school;  preferably  high  school. 

SHEET  METAL  WORKER,  METAL  FROM  16  TO  10  GAUGE  SEEP 

Description:  The  sheet  metal  worker  on  metal  ranging  from  16  to  10 
gauge,  for  the  purpose  of  this  classification  of  occupations  is  defined 
as  a  man  employed  in  the  manufacture  of  such  work  as  light  tanks, 
range  boilers,  air  and  gas  pressure  tanks,  and  gas  buoys. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  able  to  work  from  drawings,  samples,  or  pat- 
terns, use  skillfully  all  the  ordinary  sheet  metal  bench  and  floor  tools, 
including  metal  breaks,  bending  rollers,  rotary  shears,  and  straight 
shears.  He  should  have  a  thorough  knowledge  of  riveting,  hot  or  cold, 
and  it  is  desirable  that  he  understand  electric  spot  welding.  He  should 
be  able  to  bend  and  shape  light  angle  and  T -irons  where  they  are  used 
for  supporting  sheet  metal  work.  He  should  have  had  experience  equiva- 
lent to  an  apprenticeship  under  a  sheet  metal  worker. 
Schooling :  Common  school ;  preferably  trade  school  or  technical  high 
schooL 


SHEET  META.L  WOEKEE  GBOUP  87 

TINSMITH  TEA 

Description:   The  work  of  the  tinsmith  is  ordinaiily  confined  to  the  making 

of  utensils,  such  as  pans,  pails,  light  pipes,  and  liquid  conveyors. 
Qualifications:  He  should  be  able  to  work  to  drawings,  patterns,  or  tem- 
plates. He  must  use  skillfully  all  tinner's  bench  tools;  must  be  able 
to  use  skillfully  soldering  coppers  and  blow  torch  and  be  able  to  do 
general  repair  work  on  automobile  lamps  and  general  thin  metal  uten- 
sils. Should  understand  the  laying  of  tin  roofing  or  the  covering  of  large 
surfaces  with  tin  where  the  various  kinds  of  shet't  metal  joints  are  used. 
Pie  should  have  had  experience  equivalent  to  an  apprenticeship  to  a 
regular  tinsmith. 
Schooling:  Not  less  than  common  school  with  an  independent  study  of 
sheet  metal  drafting  and  layout,  preferably  trade  school  or  technical 
high  school. 


SURVEYOR  AND  CIVIL  ENGINEER  GROUP 

AXMAN  ACTOR 

Kindred  Occupation:   Wood  chopper. 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  axman  in  a  surveying  crew  are  to  clear  the 
ground  of  weeds,  brush,  or  trees,  in  order  that  the  transit  man  may  obtain 
a  clear  sijrht  along  a  desired  course.  The  axman  also  drives  tlie  stakes 
for  the  rodnian  and  frequently  assists  in  carrying  instruments  or  camp 
outfits  in  changing  camp  locations. 

Qualifications:  The  axman  must  have  ability  to  handle  an  ax  and  hatchet, 
and  have  physical  strength  and  endurance  in  walking,  and  especially 
be  able  to  endure  outside  exposure. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 

CHAINMAN  (Surveyor's  assistant)  CHECK 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  chainman  are  to  measure  distances  with  a 
steel  tape  or  a  surveyor's  chain  under  the  direction  of  the  surveyor, 
transit  man,  or  level  man.  There  are  usually  two  chainmen — head  and 
rear.  The  head  chainman  usually  carries  a  flag  or  a  sight  pole,  selecting 
the  point  where  the  axman  drives  a  stake  to  mark  the  points  indicated  by 
the  surveyor  or  transit  man.  The  rear  chainman  merely  holds  the  tape 
or  chain  at  zero  at  the  last  marking  station. 
Qualifications:  The  chainman  must  have  good  physical  strength  and  ability. 
He  must  be  hardened  to  outdoor  work  and  have  had  experience  as  chain- 
man  in  a  surveyor's  crew. 
Schooling:  Common  school;  preferably  high  school. 

CIVIL  ENGINEER  CRAG 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  civil  engineer  are  the  planning,  designing, 

and  supervising  of  all  classes  of  general  construction  operations. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  thoroughly  familiar  with  the  mathematical  and 
mechanical  principles  and  engineering  features  of  designs,  construction, 
or  operation  in  connection  with  land  surveying;  structural,  bridge,  or 
building  work  of  any  kind  ;  highway  construction ;  hydraulic  development ; 
municipal  engineering  in  connection  with  water  works ;  drainage  and 
sewerage ;  railroad  survey  and  construction ;  harbor,  canal,  and  dam 
construction,  such  as  wharfs,  piers,  excr  .  ation,  and  dredging. 

Must  be  thoi'oughly  familiar  Mith  the  use  of  all  types  and  classes 
of  construction  machinery  used  in  civil  engineering  developments,  such 
as  cranes,  hoists,  derricks,  shovels,  hydraulic  dredges,  pumps,  excavators, 
concrete  mixers  and  distributors. 

Must  be  thoroughly  familiar  with  all  materials  used  in  coastruction 
work  and  be  capable  of  preparing  specifications  and  contracts  for  ma- 
•   terials  or  equipments  of  any  kind  involved  in  such  classes  of  work. 
Schooling:  Must  be  a  technical  graduate  with  a  broad  practical  experi- 
ence in  the  various  branches  of  civil  engineering. 
88 


SURVEYOR  AND  CIVIL  ^.NGINEER  GROUP  89 

CIVIL  ENGINEER'S  HELPER  CREAM 

Description:   The  civil  engineer's  helper  assists  the  civil  engineer  in   lay- 
ing out  roads,  railways,  chutes,  buildings,  etc. 
Qualifications:   The  civil  engineer's  helper  must  have  a  knowledge  of  draft- 
ing, surveying,  and  engineering  problem.s. 
Schooling:   High  school  or  college. 

RODMAN   (Surveyor's  assistant)  RAND 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  rodnian  are  to  work  with  the  transit  or  leveU 
man,  handle  the  transit  rod,  level  rod,  stabia  rod,  and  chain  and  steel 
tape. 
Qualifications:  The  rodman  must  make  accurate  chain  measurements  and 
offset  measurements,  and  be  able  to  locate  turning  points  and  bench 
marks.  He  should  be  able  to  use  the  hand  level ;  must  understand  the 
taking  and  plotting  of  field  notes  and  sketching.  He  must  have  a  general 
knowledge  of  surveying  instruments.  He  should  have  had  experience  as 
a  chainnian  or  an  eciuivalent  in  an  engineering  school.  He  must  have 
good  physical  strength  and  be  able  to  stand  outdoor  exposure. 
Schooling:   Should  be  a  college  graduate  in  civil  engineering. 

SURVEYOR.  GENERAL  SIEGE 

Kindred  Occupations:  Civil  engineer;  Instrument  man. 

Description:  The  general  surveyor  makes  surveys  in  connection  with  water 
.systems,  pipe  lines,  laud  bouudarie.s,  and  surveying  work  of  a  general 
nature. 

Qualifications:  The  general  surveyor  must  be  capable  of  making  prelimi- 
nary and  location  surveys,  compass  surveys,  topographical  sketclies, 
leveling  for  grades  and  flow,  profile  and  cross-section  surveys,  and  laying 
out  reservoirs ;  must  be  capable  of  making  complete  and  intelligent 
field  notes  and  plotting  them  in  regular  form.  Must  be  thoroughly 
familiar  with  various  types  of  transits,  levels,  and  compasses,  and 
capable  of  making  all  necessary  adjustments.  He  must  be  a  rapid  and 
accurate  computer  on  civil  engineering  work,  and  be  familiar  with  the 
use  of  mathematical  tables  and  engineering  data.  He  should  have  had 
general  surveying  experience  in  municipal  contracting  or  engineering 
work. 

Schooling:   Technical  school  graduate. 

SURVEYOR,   HIGHWAY  SIEVE 

Kindred  Occupations:    General  surveyor;   Instrument  man;   Railroad   sur- 
veyor. 
Description:  The  highway  surveyor  makes  the  layout  and  estal)lishes  the 

grade  for  hlghwaj'  construction  and  repairs. 
Qualifications:  The  highway  surveyor  must  be  capable  of  making  complete 
survey  from  preliminary  location  to  final  stage  of  completed  road,  in- 
cluding making  profile  and  cross-section  surveys,  plane-table  surveys, 
topographical  sketches,  offsets,  locating  fences,  buildings,  and  intersecting 
roads,  establishing  grades  and  bench  marks,  staking  out  cuts,  fills,  drains, 
culverts,  and  abutments.  He  must  be  thoroughly  familiar  with  adjust- 
ments and  care  of  all  instruments  used,  and  possess  a  knowledge  of 
various  types  of  road  construction,  methods  of  subsoil  drainage,  various 
types  of  culverts,  arches,  and  highway  bridges.  He  should  liave  had  ex- 
nerience  as  surveyor  or  instrument   man  with  governmental.   State,  or 


90  BUILDING   AND  GENERAL   CONSTRUCTION 

fiHHjty    liiKiiways    or    topoKraiiliiral    (loj)iirtiiient,    or    worked    on    road 
ImiNliiiK  with  contrtiftors  or  on  railroad  operations. 
Schooling:  'I'ccliiiii-i!  scIkkiI  firiidimto. 

SURVEYOR,   MINE  SIFT 

Kindred   Occupations:    Civil   cii^^iiiccr ;   (Jciicral   surveyor;   Miniii;;  en^'iiieor. 

Description:  Tlic  mine  surveyor  does  undernrouud  and  mine  surveying  of 
any  <'liaract(>r. 

Qualifications:  Tlie  mine  surveyor  nuist  l)e  a  technical  civil  engineer,  prac- 
tical, experienced  in  general  surveying  and  especially  underground  or 
mine  surveying  of  all  kinds,  such  as  prospecting,  exploration,  mine  and 
tunnel  alignment,  and  must  be  skilled  in  the  u.se  of  transit  and  reflectors, 
(•(impass  and  level,  and  must  be  familiar  with  their  adjustment  and  care, 
lie  nnist  be  able  to  read  vertical  angles,  using  prism  eyepiece,  be  experi- 
enced in  the  use  of  adjustable  leg  tripod  and  in  the  use  of  signal  lamp.s, 
tripod  lamps,  plumb-bob  lamps,  smd  angle  reading  or  three-tripod  method 
and  steel  tape  for  distance  in  the  case  of  sloping  drifts  and  tunnels.  He 
must  understand  thoroughly  the  use  of  prismatic  mining  transits  for 
vertical  lines,  long  plumb-bob  lines,  and  be  able  to  drop  transit  points  for 
alignment  in  deep  shafts  with  greatest  accuracy  for  line  construction. 
He  must  be  familiar  with  use  of  compass  and  skilled  in  calculating 
latitudes  and  departures.  Must  thoroughly  understand  underground 
leveling  and  the  use  of  illuminated  rods  and  cross-section  work  with 
sunflower  cross  .sectioner.  Must  be  able  to  make  complete  and  accurate 
sketches  and  field  notes.  Should  understand  the  use  of  dip  needle  and 
nuignetic  surveys.     He  should  have  had  experience  in  field  work. 

Schooling:  Technical  school  graduate. 

SURVEYOR,  RAILROAD  SIGH 

Kindred  Occupations:    Civil  engineer;  General  surveyor;  Instrument  m:in. 

Description:  The  railroad  surveyor  does  layout  of  construction  work  and 
railroail  surveying. 

Qualifications:  The  railroad  surveyor  must  be  a  trained  engineer,  capable 
of  making  complete  preliminary  and  location  surveys,  and  be  a  competent 
transit  man  and  levelman,  capable  of  carrying  out  profile  and  cross- 
section  work.  Must  be  able  to  locate  and  stake  out  curves,  sidings, 
grades,  cuts,  fills,  yards,  buildings,  abutments,  and  piers.  He  must  have 
a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  adjustment  and  care  of  all  surveying  in- 
.struments.  Must  be  capable  of  taking  ;md  plotting  all  field  notes,  and 
estimating  quantities  and  costs.  He  should  have  had  experience  as  chief 
of  party  or  instrument  man'  in  a  preliminary,  location,  or  construction 
railroad  survey. 

Schooling:  Technical  school  graduate. 

SURVEYOR,   TOPOGRAPHICAL  SILK 

Kindred  Occupations:  Civil  engineer;  Highway  surveyor;  Map  surveyor. 
Description:  The  topographical  surveyor  is  engaged  in  making  topographi- 
cal maps  and  surveys,  and  in  tabulating  data. 
Qualifications:  The  topographical  surveyor  must  be  capable  of  making 
actual  map  survey  and  construction  of  topographical  maps  resulting 
therefrom,  using  various  scales  and  contour  intervals.  He  must  be 
capable  of  making  rapid  field  sketches  and  be  competent  to  interpret 
terrain  and  to  report  correctly  concerning  it,  to  use  maps  and  locate  cor- 
rectly men  or  parties  on  the  ground.     He  must  be  thoroughly  experienced 


SUEVEYOE  AND  CIVIL  ENGINEER  GROUP  91 

in  the  use  of  plane-table,  stadia,  theodolite,  engineer's  wye  level  and 
transit,  drafting  instruments,  and  in  free-hand  drawing  and  sketching. 
He  must  be  familiar  with  various  map  methods  and  conventional  signs, 
symbols,  and  colors  used  on  topographical  maps.  He  should  have  had 
experience  as  assistant  or  instrument  man  on  geodetic,  topographical,  or 
liigliways  survey. 
Schooling:   Technical  school  graduate. 

SURVEYOR,  TOPOGRAPHICAL  PHOTOGRAPHIC  SUVA 

Kindred  Occupations:  Civil  engineer;  Outdoor  photographer;  Topographical 
surveyor. 

Description:  The  topographical  photographic  surveyor  does  photographing 
from  the  ground  or  air  (airplane),  and  from  such  photographs  making 
or   revising   topographical   maps. 

ftualifications:  Tlie  topographical  photographic  surveyor  must  be  capable 
of  using  transit,  plane-table,  level,  and  surveying  camera,  and  of  making 
free-hand  drawings  and  sketches.  He  must  have  a  thomugh  knowledge 
of  plane,  spherical,  and  analytical  geometry  and  trigonometry,  be 
experienced  in  making  topographical  maps,  and  also  experienced  in 
taking  and  using  photographs  for  topographic  surveying.  He  should  have 
had  experience  in  topographical  surveying. 

Schooling:   Technical  school  graduate. 

SURVEYOR,  TOPOGRAPHICAL  TRIANGULATOR  SINCE 

Kindred  Occupations:  Civil  engineer;  Topographical  surveyor. 

Description:  The  topographical  triangulator  surveyor  makes  geodetic  or 
triangulation  surveys  over  large  areas. 

Qualifications:  The  topographical  triangulator  surveyor  must  be  capable  of 
taking  charge  as  chief  of  triangulation  party  where  control  is  over  large 
areas,  and  using  micrometer  theodolites  or  large  vernier  instruments 
reading  to  20  seconds  of  arc  or  less  and  where  the  sight  linos  are  more 
than  a  mile  in  length.  He  must  be  skilled  in  the  use  of  theodolites, 
transits,  hand  levels,  aneroid  barometers,  and  in  handling  tools  necessary 
for  simple  repairs  to  instruments,  such  as  resetting  level  vials,  inserting 
cross  hairs,  and  making  substitutes  for  broken  parts.  Must  understand 
general  methods  of  base-line  measurement  and  computing  methods  neces- 
sary for  preliminary  computations  of  the  results  of  field  triangulation. 
He  must  be  familiar  with  topographic  mapping  on  a  small  scale  and 
handy  with  carpenter's  tools  needed  in  erecting  observing  platform  or  tall 
signals.  He  should  have  had  reasonable  experience  as  railroad  locating 
engineer  or  as  party  chief  of  a  governmental  geological,  topographical,  or 
geodetic  survey. 

Schooling:  Technical  school  graduate.     ' 

TOPOGRAPHICAL  FIELD  ASSISTANT  TEACH 

Kindred  Occupations:    Instrument  man;  Surveyor. 

Description:  The  toi)ographical  field  assistant  is  the  general  assistant  and 
instrument  man  of  the  topographical  survey  field  party. 

Qualifications:  Tiie  topographical  field  assistant  must  be  capable  of  using 
plane-table,  stadia,  engineer's  wye  level  and  transit,  and  drafting  instru- 
ments. He  should  have  had  field  experience  using  an  instrument  in  a 
surveying  party  or  during  a  civil  engineering  college  course. 

Schooling:  Technical  school  graduate. 


RAILROAD  TRANSPORTATION 

ACCOUNTANT,  ROAD  DEPARTMENT  AGUE 

Kindred  Occupations:  Accouiitiiul.s  in  other  brjiiiflies  of  railroad  service; 
liooUkeeper. 

Description:  lload  departinent  accountants  keep  record  of  material  and 
labor  used  on  a  division,  cliaryiuK  such  material  and  labor  to  the  differ- 
ent operatinj;  expense  accounts,  and  prepare  vouchers  for  material  pur- 
chased on  a  division,  etc. 

Qualifications:  Must  be  familiar  witli  the  Interstate  Commerce  Commission 
rules  for  classification  of  accounts,  and  should  be  familiar  with  the 
principles  of  bookkeeping ;  should  also  be  familiar  with  the  materials 
used  in  maintenance  of  way  work. 

Schooling:  Common  school  or  equivalent  and  business  cour.se. 

AGENT,  STATION.     {See  Station  agent.) 

AGENT,  TRANSFER  STATION  ADULT 

Description:  The  transfer  agent  sees  that  shipments  are  properly  trans- 
ferred, making  necessary  notations  on  waybills ;  keeps  a  record  of  cost 
incurred  on  each  separate  transfer,  and  a  complete  record  of  such  trans- 
fer, noting  special  conditions. 
Qualifications:  Must  understand  loading  and  unloading  freight  of  all  kinds 
and  be  able  to  handle  laborers.  He  should  have  been  an  agent  at  smaller 
stations. 
Schooling:   Common  school  or  equivalent. 

AIR  BLEEDER.     {See  Helper,  railway  shop.) 

AIR-BRAKE  MAN,  CAR  ADZ 

Description:   The  air-brake  man  installs  and  repairs  air-brake  equipment 

on  cars. 
Qualifications:  An    air-brake   man   should   liave^  taken   a   course   covering 
mechanism  and  repairs  to  air  brakes,  and  should  have  passed  an  exami- 
nation along  this  line.     He  must  be  able  to  remove,  adjust,  repair,  and 
replace  any  part  of  the  air-brake  equipment. 
Schooling:    Common  school. 

AIR-BRAKE  TEST-ROOM  INSPECTOR.      (See  Inspector,   air-brake   test  room.) 

APPRENTICE,  TRACK  FOREMAN.      (Sec  Track  foreman,  apprentice.) 

ASSISTANT.     (See  under  specifie  oeeitpations:  Engineer;  Road  foreman;  Signal 
maintainer;   Station  master;   Yardraaster.) 
92 


EAILEOAD   TRANSPORTATIOK  93- 

BAGGAGE  CHECKER  BODY" 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  baggage  checkei'  are  to  check  bajrfrage 
through  to  destination  and  to  cancel  permits  on  transportation ;  to  deter- 
mine and  collect  all  excess  baggage. 

Qualifications:  He  must  understand  the  various  classes  of  transportation 
and  baggage  permits,  and  must  know  how  to  calculate  excess  baggage. 
He  must  be  physically  strong. 

Schooling:   Cornmon  school. 

BAGGAGEMAN,  TRAIN  BOGUS 

Description:  The  baggageman  on  the  train  has  charge  of  baggage  carried 
on  biiggage  cars  of  j)a.>^senger  trains,  which  includes  railroad  .service  mail 
and  United  States  mail  in  pouches.  Occasionally  he  is  required  to  handle 
express  packages. 
Qualifications :  Must  pa.ss  a  pliysical  examination,  including  eyesight,  hear- 
ing, and  colors.  Must  have  worked  over  the  division  long  enough  to 
become  familiar  with  stations  ond  transfer  points. 
Schooling:  Common  school. 

BAGGAGE-MASTER.      {Sec  Baggageman,  train.) 

BALLAST  INSPECTOR.     {Sec  Inspector,  ballast.) 

BRAKEMAN  AND  FLAGMAN,  FREIGHT  TRAIN  BOTL 

Kindred  Occupation:   Yard  l)rakenuui. 

Description:  Freight  brakemen  and  flagmen,  under  the  direction  of  the 
freight  conductors,  assist  in  the  handling  of  freight  trains,  mixed  trains, 
work  trains,  or  wreck  trains,  according  to  the  class  of  service  to  which 
tiioy  may  be  assigned. 

Qualifications:  Must  pass  an  examination  on  color,  eyesight,  hearing,  and 
physical  condition.  He  should  be  familiar  with  signals  and  know  all 
the  legulations  governing  the  running  of  trains  on  the  main  line,  and 
must  own  a  standard  watch. 

Schooling:  Must  be  able  to  read  and  write. 

BRAKEMAN  AND  FLAGMAN,  PASSENGER  TRAIN  BOLT 

Description:  The  brakeman  and  flagman  is  an  employee  in  passenger  serv- 
ice \\  ho  assists  the  conductor  in  handling  the  train. 
Qualifications:  Must  pass  a  physical  examination  with  special  reference  to 
eyesight,  hearing,  and  colors.  Must  pass  an  examination  as  to  ability 
and  litne.'^s  for  flagman,  and  must  be  familiar  with  all  train  orders  and 
special  rules  governing  the  running  of  trains  on  the  main  line,  and  nnist 
own  a  standard  watch. 
Schooling:   Common  school  or  equivalent. 

BRAKEMAN.  YARD  BOUND 

Kindred  Occupation:   liond  freight  brakeman. 

Description:   The  yard  brakemen,  under  the  direction  of  yard  conductors, 
couple  and  uncouple  or  ride  cars  In  breaking  up  and  making  up  trains 
and  placing  cars  for  pick-up  and  delivei-y  service. 
Qualifications:   Must  pass  a  physical  examination;  also  examination  as  to 

hearing,  eyesight,  and  colors.     He  must  be  able-bodied  and  active. 
Schooling:  Equivalent  to  common  school. 
;  870G4— 18 8 


94  RAILROAD   TRANSPORTATION 

BRIDGE  CREW  FOREMAN  BADLT 

Description:  'I'lic  Inrciii.in  ol'  a  railwiiv  ln-iiluc  rrcw  takes  ontii'c  ch-.n-^c  uf 
a  (lew   (((■  iMcii  fi)r  the  coiistnict ion  of  small  bridges  and  trestles. 

Qualifications:  Tlio  foreiiiaii  of  a  railway  bridfje  rrew  must  Ix?  able  to  tak«> 
I  he  i)lans  and  si)eci(icati<)ns  of  an  ordinary  trestle  or  bridge  and  with  Iiis 
force  of  men  ei'ect  it  without  any  supervision.  He  must  be  able  to  order 
iill  materials,  to  eheck  stock  and  check  the  completed  work  with  the  plans 
and  specifications.  He  should  have  had  considerable  experience  in  a 
i)rid^'e  and  trestle  crew. 

Schooling:     <"oMnnon  school,  preferably  tcflinical  training. 

BULLETIN-BOARD  ATTENDANT  BOWER. 

Description:  The  bullet in-l)()ard  attendant  posts  on  the  bulletin  boai'd  gen- 
ei'al  iir(|ers  and  gen<'ral  notices  relative  to  the  movement  of  trains.  Tliis 
work  is  generally  performed  by  crew  dispatcher,  engine  dispatcher,  or 
yai'dniasler's  clerk. 

Qualifications:    Must  be  able  to  read  and  write. 

CALL  BOY.      {Sec  Crew  caller.) 

CAR  CARPENTER  CREED 

Kindred  Occupations:  General  carpenter;  House  carpenter:  Railroad  car- 
))enler. 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  car  carpenter  are  the  construction,  assembly, 
and  reitair  of  railway  freight  cars,  employing  wood  in  part  or  whole. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  experienced  in  the  building  of  various  kinds  of 
wood  body,  side  or  box  standard  raihvay  freight  cars.  He  must  be  able  to 
work  to  drawings,  lay  out  and  build  wood  frames,  make  and  hang  doors, 
lay  floors,  and  put  on  roofs,  sides,  and  ends  on  either  wood  or  steel 
frame  cars,  or  make  repair  to  such  cars.  He  must  be  a  thoroughly  ca- 
pable general  carpenter,  skilled  in  use  of  all  tools  and  having  some  experi- 
ence \\ith  woodworking  machinery.  He  should  have  worked  as  general 
car  carpenter  in  railroad  car  shop  or  car  building  plant  as  decker,  door 
hanger,  roofer,  or  liner. 

Schooling:    Common  school;  preferably  technical  training. 

CAR  CLEANER  CIVIL 

Kindred  Occupations:    Scrub  woman  in  office  buildings;  Window  washer; 

Sweeper. 
Description:  A  laborer  employed  in  cleaning  passenger  cars. 
Qualifications:   ]Must  be  able  to  do  moderately  heavy  w^ork. 

CAR  INSPECTOR.     (.See  Inspector,  car.) 

CARPENTERS  CREW  FOREMAN  CRAB 

Description:  The  foreni.in  of  the  railway  carpenter  crew  takes  entire  charge 
of  the  workmen  and  works  without  close  supervision  on  the  construction 
and  repairs  of  buildings  on  a  railroad. 
Qualifications:  He  nmst  be  able  to  take  plans  and  specifications  of  an  ordi- 
nary depot  or  other  building  and  with  his  force  of  men  erect  a  building 
without  any  supervision.  He  must  be  able  to  handle  men,  and  stand  an 
examination  on  signal  rules  and  pass  a  physical  test  on  hearing  and  color 
sight.  He  shoidd  have  had  considerable  experience  in  a  railway  c;',rpen- 
ter  crew  and  should  have  had  experience  as  a  foreman. 
Schooling:     Common  school,  preferably  technical  training. 


RAILROAD   TRANSPORTATION  95 

CAR  REPAIR  MAN,  METAL  CLAY 

Description:  The  duties  of  the^ metal-car  repair  man  are  to  repair  all  metal 
portions  of  freight  and  passenger  cars,  including  the  truck  frame  and 
car  body. 
Qualifications:  He  must  have  a  thorough  knowledge  of  steel-car  frames  and 
cur-budy  construction.  He  must  use  skillfully  hydraulic,  ratchet,  and 
other  forms  of  jacks  used  in  the  lifting  of  car  bodies  from  the  trucks. 
He  must  be  able  to  make  all  light  or  general  repairs  and  able  to  do  pneu- 
matic-hammer and  hand  riveting.  He  should  be  able  to  operate  pneu- 
matic or  electric  drills,  and  cut  out  and  replace  any  part  of  the  frame  of 
the  car  body.  He  should  be  able  to  make  sketches  and  layouts  for  any 
parts  to  be  made  in  tlie  shop.  He  should  have  had  an  all-round  experi- 
ence in  a  car-manufacturing  shop. 
Schooling:   Conmion  scliool. 

CAR  REPAIR  MAN,  STEEL  CLAIM 

Description:  The  steel-car  repairer  is  skilled  in  work  with  steel  and  sheet 

metal  and  able  to  use  rivet  machines  and  welding  machines, 
ftualifications:    He  should  have  a  knowledge  of  riveting,  cutting  and  l)en(ling 

sliect  steel,  and  blacksmith  work,  to  enable  him  to  fix  up  springs. 
Schooling:   ('(unniou  school. 

CAR  REPAIR  MAN.   WOOD  CLEAN 

Eescription:  The  duties  of  the  car  repair  man  on  wooden  cars  ai'e  to  repair 

all  wooden  parts  of  passenger  and  freight  cars. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  thoroughly  skilled  in  the  use  of  all  hand-car- 
pentry tools  and  should  have  a  general  knowledge  of  the  ordinary  wood- 
working machine  tool^  such  as  crosscut  and  rip  saws,  planers,  joiners, 
and  band  saws.  He  should  be  able  to  remove  and  replace  any  wooden 
portion  of  a  car.  He  should  have  had  considerable  experience  in  a  car- 
building  shop. 
Schooling:    Coumion  school. 

CONDUCTOR,  DINING  CAR  CROSS 

Description:   The  dining-car  conductor  has  charge  of  the  dining  car  while 

en  route,  is  responsible  for  tb.e  work  of  the  car  crew  (cooks  and  waiters), 

and    for    all    supplies   for    kitchen;    also   linen,    silver,    kitchen    utensils, 

buffet  supplies,  etc. 
Qualifications:    Some   ability    to   handle   men.     Courteous   in    manner   and 

neat   in  appearance.     Must  have  knowledge  of  menus  and  have  proper 

(lining  room  service. 
Schooling:   f'oinnion  school. 

CONDUCTOR,  FREIGHT  CLAN 

Kindred  Occupation:   Yard  conductor. 

Description:  Freight  conductors  are  in  charge  of  freight  trains  and  mixed 
trains  and  their  crews;  may  al.so  take  charge  of  work  and  wreck  trains 
and  their  crews. 

Qualifications:  Must  pass  a  rigid  examination  i>n  train  rules,  signals, 
schedules,  and  air-brake  rules ;  a  good  physical  examination,  and  espe- 
cially .so  as  to  colors,  eyesight,  and  hearing.  ^lust  have  a  reliabh*  watch. 
Must  have  been  a  brakeman  and  flagman. 

Schooling:   f'oinmon  school  ;  preferal)Iy  higli  school. 


96  EAILEOAD  TBANSPOETATION 

CONDUCTOR,   PASSENGER  CLANG 

Description:  Tlic  i)Mss<'iiKor  coiHluctor  isnii  direct  charge  of  passenger  truin 

iind  crew. 
Qualifications :  Must  j)ass  jihysiciil  o.\iiiiiiii;ilion,  especially  as  to  eye- 
sight, iieariiig,  and  color  sight.  Must  jtass  an  examination  on  train 
rules,  signals,  alr-brnke  rules,  and  schedules.  Must  be  familiar  with 
hook  of  rules  and  all  orders.  Must  bo  thoroughly  familiar  with  all 
classes  of  transi)ortallon  and  rules  regarding  same.  He  must  have  served 
as  brakeman  and  freight  conductor. 
Schooling:  C^onnnon  school  or  equivalent. 

CONDUCTOR,  YARD  CLANK 

Kindred  Occupation:  Freight-train  conductor. 

Description:  The  yard  conductor  has  charge  of  engines  and  crews  in  yard 
switching  and  yard  work  train  service. 

Qualifications:  Must  pass  an  examination  on  train  rules,  also  on  eyesight, 
hearing,  and  colors,  together  with  a  general  physical  examination;  be 
qualilied  on  book  of  rules,  pass  examination  on  yard  rules  and  .special 
instructions;  must  have  copy  of  all  general  orders  and  be  familiar  with 
all  orders.     He  is  usually  promoted  from  brakeman. 

Schooling:   Equivalent  to  common  school. 

COOK,  BUSINESS-CAR  OR  DINING-CAR  SERVICE  CLAP 

Description:   The  cook  is  engaged  in  iirej)aring  meals  on  trains.    He  may  be 

assigned   either   to   dining-car   service,    business-car   service,   or    special 

buffet-car  service. 
Qualifications:   Must  be  able  to  prepare  meats,  fish,  vegetables,  cereals,  etc., 

with  the  equipment  usually  furnished  on  dining  cars.     Should  be  able  to 

order  supplies  for  his  car. 
Schooling:   Conmion  school  or  equivalent. 

COOPER  CLASH 

Kindred  Occupation:   Rough  carpenter. 
Description:  Tlie  cooper  makes  and   repairs  damaged   shipping  packages. 

Should  not  be  confused  with  barrel  maker. 
Qualifications:    Must  bo  handy  with  handsaw,  plane,  and  hammer. 
Schooling:   Common  school. 

CREW  CALLER  CLASP 

Description:  The  crew  caller  calls  either  road  train  crews,  road  engine 
crews,  or  both.  Within  a  certain  prescribed  distance  from  the  yard  office 
crew  callers  must  have  each  member  of  the  train  and  engine  crew  sign  a 
call  book  on  many  roads.  Outside  of  these  limits  crews  can  be  called  by 
telephone  on  many  roads.  Crew  callers  are  furnished  with  the  names  of 
the  members  of  the  crew  to  be  called  at  some  places,  while  at  others  they 
check  the  registers  to  find  such  information. 
Qualifications:  Positions  are  filled  by  boys  IS  years  or  over  and  by 'inca- 
pacitated men.  Must  be  familiar  with  streets  and  numbers  within  pre- 
scribed distance  from  yard  office  where  signatures  to  call  book  are  re- 
quired. 
Schooling:   Equivalent  to  common  school. 

CREW  DISPATCHER  CLASS 

Description:  The  crew  dispatcher,  located  only  at  the  larger  terminals,  has 
charge  of  crew  callers  and  the  assignment  of  engine  and  train  crews  to 
runs  or  service  in  accordance  with  their  seniority  rights. 


RAILEOAD  TEANSPORTATION'  97 

Qualifications:  Must  be  a  man  of  quick  decision  and  have  ability  to  handle 
men,  in  order  to  provide  the  necessary  crews  for  trains  and  to  assign 
the  service  to  those  entitled  to  it.  He  should  have  had  previous  experi- 
ence in  road  or  yard  service  as  engineman,  trainman,  or  clerk. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 

CROSSTIE  INSPECTOR.      (.Vee  Inspector,  crosstie.) 
DISPATCHER,  LOCOMOTIVE.     (See  Engine  dispatcher.) 

DIVISION  ENGINEER  DAZED 

Description:  The  division  engineer  is  the  officer  in  charge  of  the  mainte- 
nance of  roadway  and  track  on  his  division,  and  is  also  in  charge  of 
roadway  clerks  and  accountants.  Track  supervisors,  signal  supervisors, 
supervisors  of  bridges  and  buildings,  and  assistant  engineers  report  to 
him;  also  such  construction  forces  as  steam-shovel  engineers,  ditcher  en- 
gineers, etc.,  report  to  him.  Pie  must  keep  proper  records  of  all  material 
used  on  his  division,  keep  forces  supplied  with  materials,  ije  responsible 
for  maintenance  of  track  and  construction  of  additional  tracks. 
Qualifications:  Must  have  a  thorough  knowledge  of  operating  and  mainte- 
nance of  way  rules  and  regulations.  Must  be  able  to  handle  men.  Must 
have  a  good  address  and  be  able  to  deal  with  the  public,  and  must  have 
a  thorough  knowledge  of  track  construction  and  maintenance,  and  should 
be  a  good  accountant.  Should  have  been  an  assistant  engineer,  track 
supervisor,  or  signal  supervisor. 
Schooling:   College  or  university  technical  training. 

DRAFTSMAN.     {See  Railroad  shop  draftsman.) 

DRAW  TENDER  DEWY 

Description:  The  draw  tender  opens  and  closes  drawbridges  to  permit 
boats  to  pass.  He  must  know  how  to  operate  the  turning  machinery, 
which  is  usually  driven  either  by  electricity  or  by  gasoline-driven  en- 
gines ;  must  also  operate  interlocking  signals  to  protect  the  track  when 
the  drawbridge  is  opened. 
Qualifications:  Must  pass  a  physical  examination  for  eyesight,  hearing,  and 
colors,  and  pass  an  examination  on  flagging  rules.  Must  al>>o  be  familiar 
witii  the  operation  of  machinei-y  used  in  turning  drawbridges. 
Schooling:   Common  school. 

ENGINE  CLEANER.     {See  Helper,  railway  shop.) 

ENGINE  DISPATCHER  ELFIN 

Description:  The  engine  dispatcher  is  engaged  in  controlling  the  movements 

of  locomotives  in  terminal  territory  and  keeps  the  time  of  arrival  and 

departure  of  all  locomotives. 
Qualifications:   Must  be  a  man  of  quick  decision  and  especially  i)roficient  in 

the  handling  of  men  in  order  to  provide  the  necessary  engines  to  move 

trains  without  delay.    Must  have  been  a  clerk  in  an  engine  house. 
Schooling:   Common  school. 

ENGINEER,  ASSISTANT  (Maintenance-of-way  work)  ENVY 

Description:  An  assistant  engineer  on  a  division,  with  a  force  of  Instru- 
ment men,  rodmon  and  draftsmen,  is  supposed  to  do  all  engineering  work 
on  a  division,  including  preparation  of  preliminary  plans  and  estimates 


98  RAILROAD   TRANSPORTATION 

for  Iniprovcinont  work,  staking  out  iiiiprovoiiionl  work,  and,  where  such 
work  is  (lone  by  contract,  award  Uic  work  to  contractors  and  see  that 
it  is  jiroiH'rly  carried  out. 

ttualiflcations:  Should  be  familiar  with  department  rules  and  practices,  and 
be  able  to  get  along  with  men  and  conduct  negotiations  with  outside 
parties.  Should  have  had  considerable  experience  In  railroad  engineer- 
ing work. 

Schooling:   College  or  university  technical  training. 

ENGINEER,  ROAD  CONSTRUCTION  ESSAY 

Description:  The  lo.id  construction  engineer  is  employed  by  the  railroad 
to  supervise  the  construction  of  new  lines  built  under  contract.  He  is 
usually  given  a  section  of  track  from  7  to  10  miles  in  length,  on  which 
he  sets  the  stakes,  watches  the  work  to  see  that  it  is  properly  carried 
out,  and  prepares  monthly  and  final  estimates  on  which  is  based  the  pay- 
ments made  to  the  contractor. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  thoroughly  competent  to  supervise  and  direct 
the  work  of  contractors  and  to  check  all  work  done  and  materials  used. 
He  should  be  a  graduate  engineer  with  an  extended  experience  in  rail- 
road construction. 
Schooling:   College  graduate. 

ENGINEER,  TERMINAL  CONSTRUCTION  ERR. 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  engineer  on  railway  terminal  construction 
are  to  supervise  the  construction,  maintenance,  and  improvement  of  all 
buildings,  such  as  depots,  roundhouses,  freight  sheds,  and  shops. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  a  thorough  building  construction  engineer,  quali- 
fied to  check  all  materials  with  the  drawings  and  specifications  and  to 
supervise  and  direct  the  construction  of  all  terminal  buildings.  He 
should  have  had  extended  experience  as  a  foreman  or  contractor  on 
similar  work. 

Schooling:  Technical  school  graduate. 

ENGINEMAN,  GASOLINE  LOCOMOTIVE  EDGE 

Kindred  Occupations:  Auto  mechanic;  Steam  engineman  or  fireman  with 
auto  driving  experience ;  Tractor  driver ;  Truck  driver. 

Description:  The  gasoline  locomotive  engineman's  duties  consist  of  the 
operation  and  care  of  various  types  of  oil  or  gasoline  driven  locomotives. 

Qualifications:  The  gasoline  locomotive  engineman  must  have  a  thoroughly 
practical  knowledge  of  various  makes  of  oil  or  gasoline  locomotives, 
gasoline  railway  motor  cars,  or  gasoline-electric  cars.  He  must  have  a 
knowledge  of  construction  and  upkeep  of  internal-combustion  engines  in 
general,  including  valve  grinding  and  operating  adjustments,  and  all 
operating  repairs  to  gasoline  engines,  air  brakes,  and  light  locomotive 
running  gear,  and  should  be  familiar  with  railroad  operating  rules  and 
i-egulations  to  some  extent.  He  should  have  had  experience  as  heavy 
auto  truck  or  tractor  driver  and  mechanic. 

Schooling:  Preferably  high  school. 

ENGINEMAN,   STEAM  LOCOMOTIVE  EGG 

Kindred  Occupations:    Experienced  locomotive  fireman;   Freight  engineer; 

Locomotive  engineer ;  Shifting  engine  engineer. 
Description:    The   duties   of   tlie   steam   locomotive   engineman    consist   of 

running  or  driving  standard  passenger  or  freight  locomotiyes  of  various 

types,  on  main  line  service. 


EAILEOAD   TRANSPORTATION  99 

I 

Qualifications:  The  steam  locomotive  engineman  must  be  a  thoroughly  ex- 
perienced railroad  locoiiiotive  engineer,  with  wide  experience  on  express 
or  through  freight  service  with  some  large  American  railroad.  He 
must  be  thoroughly  familiar  with  such  tj-pes  off  locomotives  as  camel- 
back,  compound  or  mallet,  and  Walschaerts  or  Stevenson  type  of  gear 
rigging.  He  must  have  a  thorough  knowledge  of  care,  upkeep  and  or- 
dinary running  rei>4xirs  on  locomotives,  and  be  able  to  take  entire  charge 
,  of  the  engine  on  any  class  of  work,  either  thi-ough,  local  or  yard  work, 
using  coal,  oil,  or  wood  fuel.  He  must  liave  a  thoroughly  practical 
operating  knowledge  of  all  the  details  of  the  locomotive,  such  as  boiler 
injectors,  engine,  valve-gearing  reversing  mechanism,  air  itunips  and  all 
auxiliary  equipment  and  their  upkeeji.  He  must  have  an  intimate  knowl- 
edge of  American  standard  railroad  signal  rules  and  systems  and  rail- 
way rules  and  regulations.  He  should  hav«i  a  knowledge  of  hicomotive 
and  wrecking  crane  operation  and  the  rigging  and  slinging  of  lieavy 
weights    .such  as  guns  and  mounts. 

Schooling:  Common  school:  iireft'i-alilx   liiuli  scliool. 

FIREMAN.  LOCOMOTIVE  FATE 

Kindred  Occiipations:  Locomotive  crane  lircmAn:  Steam  slutvel  fireman: 
Steam  tractor  fireman. 

Description:  The  locomotive  fireman's  duties  consist  of  the  firing  and  oper- 
ating usual  types  of  railroad  locomotive  and  all  kinds  of  yard  or  indus- 
trial switching  locomotive  boilers. 

Qualifications:  The  locomotive  fireman  must  be  a  thoroughly  experienced 
passenger  or  freight  locomotive  fireman,  preferably  on  some  trunk  line, 
and  capable  of  keeping  up  steam  with  any  available  fuel  that  can  be 
used,  on  heavy  grades,  with  frequent  stopping,  long  or  short  hauls, 
heavy  or  light  loads,  under  all  kinds  of  weather  conditions.  He  must 
have  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  care  and  operation  of  the  locomotive 
furnaces,  tender  tank  or  cistern,  injectors,  safety  valves,  jiressure  gauges, 
and  tlues.  He  must  be  familiar  with  the  care  and  operation  of  the  air- 
brake system  and  all  signals.  He  should  have  a  thorough  knowledge 
of  the  standard  rules  and  regulations  and  in  case  of  necessity  be  able 
to  run  a  locomotive  temporarily.  He  should  have  had  experience  as  fire- 
man on  any  kiml  of  locomotive  boiler,  and  possess  the  necessary  physi- 
cal fitness. 

Schooling:   Coniiuon  school  ;  luvfcrahly  high  school. 

FLAGMAN  AND  GATEMAN,  CROSSING  FERN 

Description:  The  crossing  flagman  .-ind  gatcmaii  has  charge  of  keeping  The 
public  from  railroad  crossings,  either  with  a  ting,  sign,  or  by  lowering 
gates. 
Qualifications:  CJood  hearing  and  alertness;  good  color  siglit.  These  men 
are  frequently  those  who  have  Ikmmi  injured  in  I'ailroad  service  and  are 
unable  to  perform  other  duties. 

FOREMAN.      (See  under  specific  occupations:  Bridge  crew;    Carpenter's  crew; 

Freight  house   foreman;    General   foreman  locomotive   output   departments; 

Painter's  crew;  Pole  setter;  Road  foieman;  Road  foreman,  assistant;  Section 
foreman.) 


100  lUlLROAD   TRANSPORTATION 

FREIGHT  CALLER  FERRY 

Description:    It   Is  the  duly  of  the  freight  caller  to  call  by  name  to  the 

clieckcr  the  frelRht  as  it  Is  loaded  or  unloaded  from  the  cur. 
Qualifications:  IIo  sDould  have  been  a  trucker  or  warehouseman. 
Schooling:   Commoa  school. 

FREIGHT  CHECKER.     {See  Freight  talleyman.) 

FREIGHT  HANDLER.      (See  Freight  trucker.) 

FREIGHT  HOUSE  FOREMAN       •  FETCH 

Description:  The  freight  house  foreman  Is  in  charge  of  the  freight  house 
and  freight  house  laborers.  He  has  charge- of  the  placing  of  ca-rs  at 
the  warehouse,  the  loading  and  unloading  of  freight  and  the  direction  of 
men  i»erforming  this  work. 
Qualifications:  Ability  to  handle  men;  must  know  how  freight  should  be 
packed  and  stored,  both  in  the  freight  house  and  in  cars.  Should  also 
know  how  to  file  and  classify  freight.  Usually  has  had  experience  as 
a  warehouseman  and  a  checlcer. 
Schooling:   Common  school  or  equivalent. 

FREIGHT  TALLEYMAN  FLAW 

Kindred  Occupation:  Freight  cliecker. 
Description:   The  freight  talleyman  checks  the  freight  into  and  out  of  the 

depot,  station,  and  car. 
Qualifications:     He  should  know  classes  of  freight  and  be  able  to  check  con- 
signments.   He  is  usually  promoted  from  trucker  caller  or  warehouseman. 
Schooling:   Common  scliool  or  equivalent. 

FREIGHT  TRUCKER  FEUD 

Description:   The  freight  trucker  is  engaged  in  trucking  freight  from  and 

to  cars  and  wareliouse. 
Qualifications:   Good  health  and  strength. 
Schooling:   Ability  to  read  letters  and  numbers  only. 

GANG  LEADER  GIPSY 

Description;  Tlie  gang  leader  has  charge  of  a  gang  composed  of  from  20  to 
50  men  either  individual  or  group  workers.  Looks  after,  in  detail,  the 
work  performed  by  the  men  under  his  charge.  Orders  all  stocks  and 
supplies  for  his  men.  Keeps  a  record  of  their  time. 
Qualifications:  Usually  promoted  from  group  leader  and  is  in  line  for  pro- 
motion to  foreman. 
Schooling:  Common  school  education  or  better. 

Note. — The  name  of  the  department  to  which  the  gang  leader  is  to  he 
assigned  must  be  given  with  the  code  word. 

GENERAL  FOREMAN  LOCOMOTIVE  OUTPUT  DEPARTMENTS  GIRL 

Description:  The  general  foreman  has  supervision  of  locomotive  erecting 
shops,  tank  repair  shop,  truck  and  frame  repair  shop,  wheel  shop,  boiler 
shop,  flue  and  general  pipe  work,  and  paint  shop. 
Qualifications:  Should  have  had  practical  experience  in  all  departments 
over  which  he  has  supervision  and  know  the  relations  of  those  depart- 
ments to  the  complete  organization. 
Schooling :  Common  school ;  preferably  high  school. 

GROUND  MAN,  FOREMAN.      (-See  Pole  setter,  foreman.) 


RAILROAD  TRANSPORTATION  101 

<}ROIJP  LEADER  GIRTH 

Description:  The  group  leader  has  charge  of  two  or  more  men  assigned  a 
specific  line  of  duties;  for  example,  a  group  that  fits  and  applies  driving 
boxes,  hangs  links,  reach  rods,  etc. ;  a  group  that  wheels  and  unwheels 
locomotives,  strips  and  erects  and  fits  up  spring  rigging,  repairs  pedestal 
caps,  line  guides,  etc. ;  a  group  that  removes  and  replaces  ash  pans, 
removes,  replaces,  and  repairs  shaker  grates  and  rigging,  etc. 
Qualifications:  He  is  picked  out  from  the  better  workmen  and  promoted 
to  gi-oup  leader  after  becoming  familiar  with  the  work  to  be  performed 
by  his  group. 
Schooling:  Common  school  or  better. 

Note. — The  kind  of  work  to  be  done  must  be  named  with  the  code  word. 

HELPER,  RAILWAY  SHOP  HARD 

Description:  The  helper,  i-ailwaj^  shop,  niiiy  be  assigned  to  any  one  of  the 
following  occupations:  Ash-pan  insi)ector;  air  bleeder;  ash-pit  man; 
boiler  washer;  box  packer;  engine  cleaner;  engine  oiler;  engine  sponger; 
engine  watchman;  fire  knocker;  front-end  inspector;  grease-cup  filler; 
Sander ;  shop  oiler. 
Qualifications:  The  helper,  railway  shop,  is  a  laborer  who  has  shown  him- 
self faithful  and  dependable  and  who  has  been  taught  to  do  one  or  more 
of  the  kinds  of  work  indicated.  He  always  works  under  the  supervi- 
sion of  the  group  leader  or  foreman.  He  should  have  good  health  and 
strength. 

INSPECTOR,  AIR-BRAKE   TEST-ROOM  INLAY 

Description:   The  air-brake  test-room  inspector  must  be  familiar  with  all 

air-brake  parts,  such  as  air  pump.s,  bi-ake  valves,  and  distributing  valves, 

and  be  able  to  couple  them  to  an  air-pressure  line  and  test  the  parts  to 

see  that  tliey  are  properly  adjusted. 
Qualifications:   JMust  be  familiar  with  the  methods  of  testing  various  air- 

l)rako  parts. 
Schooling:    Common  school  education. 

INSPECTOR,  BALLAST  INFER 

Description:  The  ballast  inspector  is  stationed  at  ballast  quarries  to  in- 
spect and  pass  upon  the  quality  of  ballast  loaded  by  contractors  for  de- 
livery to  the  railroad,  and  make  reports  of  cars  of  ballast  shipped  and 
quantity  of  ballast  in  each  car. 
Qualifications:  He  should  be  able  to  read  and  write  Knglish ;  should  know 
the  qualities  of  stone  and  gravel  used  for  railroad  l)al]ast ;  should  be 
able  to  make  weigiits  and  make  reports  of  quantities. 
Schooling:   Conunon  scliool. 

INSPECTOR,   CAR  INERT 

Description:  'i'he  car  inspector  inspects  all  freigiit  and  pa.ssenger  cars  at 
terminals  and  determines  whether  or  not  the  car  is  in  proper  condition 
to  continue  in  service.  Lal)orer  who  has  been  given  special  instructions 
on  whafc  to  look  for  and  how  to  report  defects.  Must  read  and  write  and 
make  necessary  reports. 

Qualifications:  The  inspector  is  usually  promoted  from  the  car-repair  crew 
and  nuist  be  thoroughly  competent  to  judge  the  conditions  of  all  parts 
of  a  car. 

Schooling:  Conimon  school. 


102  7{A1LH0AD   TEANSrORTATION 

INSPECTOR,  CROSSTIE  INGOT 

Kindred  Occupation:    I.uiiiIk'I-  iiispcctoi-. 

Description:  The  crosslic  liisitector  inspt'cts  lies  that  are  to  be  purcliiised 
Ity  III*'  liiiinrnd,  hihI,  on  some  roads,  purcliascs  ties  and  acts  as  tit'  aj^eiit, 
iir^Mii^'  prcdiiccrs  to  make  tics  to  be  sold  to  the  railroad. 

Qualifications:  A  knowledKe  of  the  dilTerent  kinds  and  grades  of  timber, 
familiarity  with  speciflcatlous,  and  a  familiarity  with  use  and  life  of 
ties;  also  shoidd  have  a  Rood  address  and  be  able  to  deal  witli  tie  pro- 
ducers without  friction.  Six  to  ten  years  on  track  work.  (Tie  inspec- 
tion is  fr('(ni('iill.v  liniidlod  by  track  supervisors.) 

INSPECTOR,  LUMBER  INK- 

Kindred  Occupation:   (h-osstie  inspector. 

Description:  Tlie  Uniiber  inspector  inspects  at  loading  p<»int  lumber  pur- 
cliiiscd  for  railroad  use. 

Qualifications:  Must  be  familiar  with  tlie  different  species  of  wo(jd  and 
able  to  interpret  and  apply  specifications ;  must  also  be  able  to  get  along 
amicably  with  lumber  companies  from  whom  lumber  is  purchased.  Two^ 
or  more  years  as  carpenter  or  any  other  position  where  lie  becomes 
familiar  with  the  quality  and  use  of  timber. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 

INSPECTOR.  MASONRY  INKER 

Description:  The  masonry  inspector  inspects  concrete,  brick,  or  stone  ma- 
sonry work  and  is  charged  with  duty  of  seeing  that  such  work  i* 
properly  executed. 

Qualifications:  Should  know  how  masonry  work  should  be  done,  and  should! 
be  able  to  interpret  plans  and  give  measurements  and  stake  out  the  work_ 

Schooling:  To  be  qualitted  for  promotion  or  better  position,  should  have 
college  or  university  training. 

INSPECTOR,  SCALE  INLET 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  scale  inspector  jire  to  inspect  and  adjust  all 

track  and  platform  scales  on  an  assigned  division  of  the  road. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  thoi'oughly  familiar  with  all  types  of  track  anit 
platform  scales,  able  to  make  all  minor  adjustments,  and  keep  the  scale* 
in  good  order,  so  as  to  weigh  accurately.  He  must  understand  the  use 
of  ordinary  hand  tools,  such  as  wrenches,  hammers,  chisels,  and  otheir 
special  tools  used  in  the  adjustment  of  scales. 
Schooling:  Common  scliool. 

INSPECTOR.  SIGNAL.     (See  Signal  inspector.) 

INTERLOCKING  MAINTAINER  IMAGIT 

Description:  The  interlocking  maiutainer  cares  for  and  maintains  all  inter- 
locking and  signal  devices,  whether  mechanical  or  electrical,  on  his 
assigned  district. 
Qualifications:  He  must  have  a  knowledge  of  mechanical  and  electrical 
signal  devices  and  the  rules  in  connection  with  their  operation.  He  ia 
usually  promoted  from  the  signal-construction  force. 
Schooling:  Common  school  or  equivalent. 


EAILEOAD  TBANSPORTATION  103 

JANITOR.  STATION  JAW 

Kindred  Occupations:   Window  washer;  Scrubber  and  sweeper. 
Description:   The   station   janitor   is   engaged   in    the   cleaning   of   station 

buildings. 
Clualifications:    Strong   physically. 
Schooling:   Must  be  able  to  read  and  write. 

LABORER,   OUTSIDE.   RAILWAY   UPKEEP  LAUGH 

As  follows:  Cement  handler;  Coal  heaver:  Fence  builder;  Laborer,  bridge 
crew:  Derrick  crew;  Section  band:  Shoveler  ;  Wrecking  crew;  Laborer, 
building  construction. 

Description:  The  railway  laborer  on  outside  work  may  be  a.><signeil  tit  any 
of  the  above-named  crews  to  do  general  outside  labor. 

Qualifications:  Good  health  and  strength:  ability  \(>  stand  nutiloor  work. 

LAMPLIGHTER.     (See  Signal  lamp  man.) 

LAMP-ROOM  ATTENDANT  LAVA 

Description:  The  hmip-rooni  attendant  takes  charge  of  the  hand  lamps  and 
markers  when  delivered  by  iiibotnid  passenger  crews,  issuing  checks 
therefor.  Lamps  belonging  to  crews  having  the  home  lay-over  at  the 
division  headquarters  are  filled  with  oil. 

Qualifications:  Good  eyesight  and  use  of  arms.  Position  usually  filled  by 
incapacitated  employees  from  other  departments. 

Schooling:  Must  be  able  to  re:td  and  write. 

LEVER  MAN  LAW 

Description:   The  lever  man  lines  up  switches,  controlled  from  a  tower,  for 

movement  of  trains. 
Qualifications:   He  must  be  trustworthy,  have  good  vision  and  color  percep- 
tion, and  have  a  knowledge  of  the  interlocking  plant  and  rules  governing 
the  movement  of  trains.     He  is  usually  promoted  from  telegrapher  or  an 
employee  of  the  signal  department. 
Schooling:   Common  school  or  equivalent. 

LINEMAN,  FOREMAN  LEASH 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  foreman  lineman  are  to  supervi.se  the  string- 
ing and  installation  of  all  wires,  terminal  boxes,  transformers,  and  pi'o- 
tection  devices  on  telephone,  telegraph,  and  signal  sy.stems  for  any 
purpose. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  able  to  read  electrical  wiring  drawings  and 
specifications;  must  be  able  to  take  entire  charge  of  a  group  of  men 
and  properly  install  any  telephone,  telegraph,  or  signal  wiring  system 
without  any  general  supervision.  He  nnist  thoroughly  understand  the 
connection  of  all  wires  to  the  insulators,  wire  and  stretching  devices, 
the  relation  of  signal  lines  to  high  tension  lines,  imderstand  the  rules 
for  making  highway  crossovers.  He  must  have  a  general  knowledge  of 
all  station  equipment,  such  as  telegraph  instruments,  telephone  and 
signal  equipment  and  be  able  to  make  proper  connection  therewith.  He 
should  have  had  considerable  experience  as  n  lineman  and  should  have 
had  some  experience  as  a  foreman. 
Schooling:   Connnon  .school;  preferably  technical  high  school. 

LINEMAN,  TELEGRAPH,  TELEPHONE,  AND  SIGNAL  WORK  LEGAL 

Description:  The  lineman  on  railway  telegraph,  telephone,  and  signal  work 
nnist  be  able  to  string  all  kinds  of  signal,  telei)hone.  and  telegraph  lines, 
be  able  to  make  all  terminal  connections. 


104  RAILROAD  TRANSPORTATION 

Qualifications:  Ho  iiiu.st  Itc  altle  to  road  oloctrical  wiring  drawings  and 
siiocilications,  must  undorHtund  the  proper  methods  of  Insulating  tele- 
phono,  tolograph,  and  signal  wlros,  must  know  the  functions  of  trans- 
I'ormors,  liglitning  arresters  and  terminal  boxes,  and  nmst  have  a  thor- 
ough knowledge  of  coiniectlng  the  same.  He  should  have  had  consider- 
.ihh'  experience  as  a  lineman,  particularly  on  railway  work. 

Schooling:  Common  school ;  preferably  trade  school  or  technical  high 
school. 

LOCOMOTIVE  DISPATCHER.      (Sec  Engine  dispatcher.) 

LOCOMOTIVE  ENGINEMAN.     (.See  Engineman,  steam,  locomotive.) 

LOCOMOTIVE  FIREMAN.     (Sec  Fireman,  locomotive.) 

LUMBER  INSPECTOR.     {See  Inspector,  lumber.) 

MAIL  CARRIER  MIRE 

Description:  The  mail  carrier  carries  the  mail  either  for  the  Government, 

the  company,  or  both,  between  the  depot  and  the  post  olHce. 
Qualifications:  Must  be  able  to  read  and  write. 

MASONRY  INSPECTOR.     (See  Inspector,  masonry.) 

MATRON,  STATION  MEND 

Kindred  Occupations:  Employees  in  the  information  bureau. 
Description:    The  duties   of   the   station   matron   are   to   keep   the   ladies' 

retiring  room  clean  and  in  good  condition  and  look  after  the  comfort  of 

women  and  children. 
Qualifications:  Courteous  to  women  passengers. 
Schooling:  Must  be  able  to  read  and  wri*e. 

MATRON.  TRAIN  MERCY 

Kindred  Occupation:  Matron  in  waiting  rooms  or  retiring  rooms  at  stations 

or  hotels. 
Description:   The  train  matron  is  employed  on  Pullman-car  trains  to  look 

after  the  comfort  of  lady  passengers. 
Qualifications:   Courteous  in  manner. 
Schooling:   Must  be  able  to  read  and  write. 

PAINTERS  CREW  FOREMAN  POWER 

Description:  The  duty  of  the  foreman  in  a  railway  painter's  crew  is  to 
supervise  the  painting  necessary  to  keep  all  buildings  and  bridges  prop- 
erly painted. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  able  to  take  entire  charge  of  the  crew  of  men 
and  do  any  necessary  interior  or  exterior  painting  without  any  super- 
vision ;  must  be  a  thoroughly  practical  painter  and  able  to  properly  mix 
paints  and  care  for  all  painting  equipment.  He  must  be  thoi'oughly 
familiar  with  painter's  scaffolds  and  other  rigging.  He  should  have 
had  considerable  experience  as  a  painter  and  should  have  worked  for 
some  time  in  a  railway  painting  crew. 
Schooling:   Common  school. 

PARCEL-ROOM  ATTENDANT  PHLOX 

Kindred  Occupation:  Cloak-room  attendant  at  hotels  and  restaurants. 
Description:   The  parcel-room  attendant  is  engaged  in  the  checking  of  pas- 
senger's hand  baggage  in  depots,  but  does  not  do  any  checking  of  baggage 
for  transportation. 


BAILEOAD  TRANSPORTATION  105 

Qualifications:   Carefulness;  strength.     Must  be  able  to  check  and  keep  ac- 
count of  cash  and  cliecks. 
Schooling:   Common  school. 

PIPE  FITTER,  LOCOMOTIVE  PAUSE 

Kindred  Occupations:   Pipe  fitter,  expert;  Plunil)er ;  Steam  fitter. 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  locomotive  pipe  fitter  are  all  kinds  of  pipe 
work  involved  in  the  construction  or  repair  of  steam  locomotives. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  thoroughly  skilled  and  experienced  in  all  kinds 
of  pipe  work  and  be  able  to  cut,  bend,  and  fit  to  drawings  or  specifica- 
tions, steam  pipes  for  pressure  up  to  250  pounds  per  square  inch,  and 
do  all  other  kinds  of  pipe  fitting  and  work  involved  in  fitting  and  con- 
necting steam,  water,  and  air  pipes  to  outlets,  fixtui'es,  and  oper:tting  ap- 
paratus forming  paits  of  a  locomotive.  Mu.st  thoroughly  understand  the 
operation  of  hand  and  power  driven  pipe  cutting  and  threading  ma- 
chines and  pipe  cutters.  Must  have  a  practical  knowledge  of  standard 
valves  and  fittings,  and  tank,  pump,  and  boiler  connections.  Must  be 
capable  of  performing  tasks  on  converted  pipe  work  under  water  pressure. 
He  .should  have  had  experience  on  locomotive,  factory,  or  power  plant 
piping  installation  work. 

Schooling:   Common  school. 

POLE  SETTER.  FOREMAN,  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  SIGNAL  LINES  PUMP 

Description:  The  duty  of  the  foreman  pole  setter  on  electric  light  and 
signal  lines  is  to  supervise  the  erection  ui  poles',  placing  of  cross  arms 
and  insulators  and  preparing  them  completely  for  the  stringing  of  wires 
by  the  lineman. 
Qualifications:  The  foreman  pole  setter  should  be  thoroughly  familiar  with 
all  post  hole  tools;  must  thoroughly  understand  tamping  and  truing  of 
poles  and  placing  of  guy  wires,  cross  arms,  and  insulators  completely  to 
prepare  the  pole  line  for  the  stringing  of  wires  by  the  lineman.  He 
should  have  ability  to  handle  men  and  supervise  all  trucking  and  loading 
of  poles.  He  should  have  had  experience  in  a  pole  erecting  crew. 
Schooling:   Common  school. 

POLICE  CAPTAIN,  RAILWAY  SERVICE  PIANO 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  police  captain  are  to  have  general  charge  of 
the  police  department  and  the  employment  and  control  of  the  persons 
engaged  in  such  service. 

Qualifications:  He  should  be  neat  in  personal  appearance;  should  have 
good  control  over  men,  be  courteous,  and  at  the  same  time  be  able  to 
enforce  his  authority  on  all  occasions.  He  should  have  had  considerable 
experience  as  a  policeman. 

Schooling  ^  Common  school. 

POLICEMAN  POOR 

Description:  The  policeman  is  intrusted  with  the  power  of  arrest,  deten- 
tion, and  j)rosecution  in  cases  of  offense  against  the  laws  and  ordinances. 
He  guards  against  depredation,  fire,  or  trespass  of  comjiany  property  or 
that  intrusted  to  his  care.  He  assists  the  conductors  in  keei)iug  order 
on  trains  and  in  yards,  and,  so  far  as  possible,  protects  the  company's 
patrons  from  annoyance  bj'  disorderly  persons. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  physically  "strong,  having  good  physical  and 
moral  coin*age,  be  courteous  in  manner,  yet  able  and  willing  to  enforce 
his  authority.  He  should  have  had  previous  experience  either  with  a 
large  company  or  on  some  police  force. 


iOC)  RAILKOAD  TRANSPORTATION 

PORTER,  PULLMAN  PHONE 

Description:    A  l*iilliii;iii  iioiier  is  u.ssIkikmI  to  a  single  Pullman  car.     His 
(lutk'S  are  to  make  ImmIs,  keep  towels  in  wash  room,  check  all  railroad 
liiifii,  keep  llie  car  clean,  look  alter  the  comfort  of  the  passengers,  and 
to  t.ike  iiaiid  i)a;,'Ka^'e  on  and  oil"  the  train. 
Qualifications:    Mnst  he  slrong  i»hyslcally,  neat,  and  courteous. 
Schooling:    ('onnnon  sciinol. 

PORTER.    STATION  PHOTO 

Kindred  Occupation:    Hotel  porter. 
Description:   The  station  porter  assists  passengers  with  baggage,  and  assists 

the  inllrni  to  and  from  trains. 
Qualifications:  The  poitt'r  must  be  strong,  neat,  and  courteous. 
Sch(»oling:  Slutuld  be  able  to  read  and  write. 

PUMPER  PLUM 

Deso'iption:  A  pumper  has  charge  of  a  roadside  water  station  and  runs 
a  ])umj)  engine  which  keeps  the  water  tank  filled  with  water.  This  pump 
may  be  operated  with  steam,  in  which  case  it  is  necessary  for  the  pumper 
to  tire  the  boiler ;  or.  the  pump  may  be  operated  by  an  oil  or  gasoline 
ilriven  engine  or  an  electric  motor. 
Qualiiications:   Must  know  how  to  operate  t;he  engine  wliidi  he  has  charge 

of.  :ind  how  to  make  )uinor  i"epairs  on  same. 
Schooling::  Must  ho  able  to  read  and  write. 

PUMP  MAN,  SMALL  PUMPS,   WATERING   STATIONS  PICK 

Description:   The  pump  mau  must  operate  pumps  aud  keep  a  constant  water 

supply  in  tanks  or  troughs.     He  must  be  able  to  run  any  sort  of  small 

gasoline,  electric,  or  steam  pump.     He  should  understand  the  firing  and 

care  of  a  small  steam  boiler. 
Qualifications:   The  pump  man  should  know  enough  about  the  machinery  to 

keep  it  oiled  aud  to  report  at  once  the  need  of  necessary  repairs. 
Schooling:   Common  school. 

PUMP  REPAIR  MAN  PLY 

Kindred  Occupation:   Machinist. 

Description:  Two  or  three  pump  repair  men  are  usually  located  on  each 
division,  and  it  is  their  duty  to  keep  all  pumping  equipment  at  the  dif- 
ferent water  stations  on  a  division  in  repair.  When  a  pumper  reports 
repairs  needed  at  his  water  station,  one  or  more  of  these  men  go  to  his 
station  and  make  repairs.  The  same  men  are  also  used  in  installing  new 
pumping  equipment,  laying  water  pipe  lines,  etc.,  and  sometimes  in  look- 
ing after  plumbing  work  in  buildings  on  a  division.  Should  be  a  good 
general  machine  repair  man. 

Qualifications:    Should  be  a  fairly  good  machinist. 

Schooling:    Must  be  able  to  read  and  write. 

RAILROAD  SHOP  DRAFTSMAN  RAM 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  railroad  shop  draftsman  are  to  make  draw- 
ings for  locomotives,  all  general  machine  parts,  and  for  railway  car 
equipment. 
Qualifications:  He  must  have  a  thorough  knowledge  of  strength  of  ma- 
terials and  their  use  as  applied  to  rolling  stock,  and  be  experienced  in 
the  design  of  locomotive  parts ;  must  be  familiar  with  shop  practices, 
including  machine  tool  work,  iiattern  and  foundry  work:  nuisr  he  a  rhor- 


RAILROAD   TRANSPORTATION  107 

oiifrhl.v  skilled  senernl  desif;iu'i-  and  draftsman,  and  familiar  with  rail- 
road practice.     He  should  have  had  experience  in  mechanical  design  and 
(Irafling  in  railroad  shops. 
Schooling:    High     school    or    the    efiuivalent.     rretVralily     some    tct-hnical 
training. 

31ESIDENT  ENGINEER.     (Sec  Engineer  road  construction  and  Engineer  termi- 
nal construction.) 

HOAD  DEPARTMENT  ACCOUNTANT.      (See  Accountant,  road  department.) 

HOAD  FOREMAN  KATIO 

Kindred  Occupation:  Traveling  engineer. 

Description:  The  road  foreman  supervises  the  condition  of  locomotives  and 
work  of  firemen  and  enginemen.  He  reports  directly  to  the  superin- 
tendent. 

ftualifications:  Musi  have  exei-ulivc  altility  and  a  thorough  understanding 
of  working  conditions,  locomotive  operation,  ami  maintenance.  Usually 
promoted  from  assistant  road  foreman. 

Schooling:    Conuiion  school. 

HOAD  FOREMAN,  ASSISTANT  RAVE 

Description:  The  assistant  I'oad  I'oremaii  supervises  the  condition  of  loco- 
motives and  work  of  lii-cmcn  and  enginemen.  He  reports  to  the  road 
foreman, 
ftualifications:  Must  have  executive  ahility  and  a  thorough  understanding 
of  working  conditions,  locomotive  operation  and  maintenance.  Usually 
an  experienced  engineman.  Usually  promoted  from  traveling  engine- 
man. 
Schooling:   Common  .school. 

HOADMASTER.     (.S'cc  Division  engineer.) 
SANDER.     (.Sec  Helper,  railway  shop.) 

SCALE  AGENT  SHAPE 

Description:  Scale  agents  weigh  ami  record  carload  freight.  They  have 
charge  of  weighing  and  billing  cars  and  proper  ojieration  of  scales.  They 
must  account  for  money  collected  and  maintain  proper  records. 
Qualifications:  Ability  to  weigh  and  record  carload  shipments.  Knowl- 
edge of  routing  and  rating  weight  limits  and  most  of  the  duties  of  a 
freight  agent.  He  should  have  been  weighmaster,  rate  clerk,  billing 
clerk,  and  account  clerk. 
Schooling:   Conunon  school  or  etiuivalciU. 

SCALE  INSPECTOR.      (Sec  Inspector,  scale.) 

SECTION  FOREMAN  SHARE 

Description:  The  section  foreman  has  charge  of  a  force  of  men  engaged 
in  maintaining  an  assigned  section  of  roadbed,  keeping  the  fences  in 
repair,  and  the  right  of  way  free  from  weeds,  long  grass,  etc.  Must  g«> 
over  and  inspect  his  section  every  day. 
Qualifications:  Abilit.v  to  handle  men.  Must  know  how  to  replace  lies, 
remove  and  install  frt>gs,  switchc.s,  and  track  crossings.  .Must  know  all 
the  rules  for  signaling  trains  and  all  i-ules  for  running  haiul  or  ga.soline 
cars  on  main  tiack  and  switches. 
Schooling:   Conunon  school  or  equivalent. 


108  RAILROAD  TRANSPORTATION 

SIGNAL  FITTER  SMIRK 

Description:   A  siKiiiil  lilter  fits  parts  of  slgnul  apparatus  together  in  con- 
si  niclin.LC  iuitoniiitic  block  si^^nals,  intorlockinR  plants,  etc. 
(iualidcations:   Must  he  an  experienced  machinist  and  electrical  worker. 
Schooling:  (Joninion  school. 

SIGNAL   FOREMAN  SMITE 

Description:  -V  si^'iiul  fitrciiian  has  charge  of  a  gan;;  of  men  consisting  of 
laborers,  helpi'rs,  litters,  wiremen,  and  a  blacksmith,  who  erect  auto- 
niMfi<'  block  signals  or  interlocking  plants. 
Qualifications:  Must  be  an  experienced  signal  fitter  and  wireman ;  must  be 
able  to  handle  men.  Must  pass  examination  on  colors,  eyesight,  hear- 
ing, and  examination  on  flagging  rules;  and  must  be  able  to  understand 
blue  prints;  must  have  had  considerable  experience  on  signal  constiiu-tiou 
work. 
Schooling:  Preferably  technical  training. 

SIGNAL  HELPER  SNAG 

Description:   .Signal  helpers  assist  signal  fitters,  wiremen,  etc.,  in  con.siruc- 

tion   and   maintenance  of  work   in   connection   with   electric   automatic 

block  signals,  interlocking  plants,  etc. 
Qualifications:    Six  months  or  longer  as  a  laborer  on  signal  construction 

or  maintenance  work. 
Schooling:   Connnon  school. 

SIGNAL  INSPECTOR  SNEER 

Description:  Signal  inspectors  are  employed  as  assistants  to  the  signal 
engineer,  travel  over  the  railroad,  make  in.spections  of  signal  apparatus, 
on  the  dilTerent  divisions,  and  assist  the  division  signal  employees  in 
locating  trouble  that  may  be  experienced  with  signal  apparatus,  and 
direct  the  division  employees  as  to  proper  method  of  making  repairs,  etc. 
Qualifications:  Must  be  thoroughly  familiar  with  all  signal  apparatus  in 
common  use ;  usually  promoted  from  position  of  assistant  signal  super- 
visor 
Schooling:  College  or  \iniversity  technical  training. 

SIGNAL-LAMP  MAN  SHEAF 

Description:  The  signal-lamp  man  cleans,  fills,  and  lights  oil  lamps;  also 
cares  for  electric  lamps  in  signals  and  assists  in  making  repairs  at  inter- 
locking plants. 
Qualifications:   He  must  be  trustworthy  and  active,  and  have  good  vision 

and  color  perception. 
Schooling:   He  must  be  able  to  read  and  write. 

SIGNAL  MAINTAINER  SHEAR 

Description:  The  signal  maintainer  keeps  the  signal  apparatus  in  a  certain 
specified  territory  (which  may  be  one  interlocking  plant  or  25  miles  of 
single  track  equipped  with  interlocking  signals)  in  good  operating  con- 
dition, making  daily  inspection  of  all  apparatus  to  see  that  it  is  in  proper 
working  order  and  making  such  repairs  as  he  finds  necessary.  He  is 
subject  to  call,  day  and  night,  when  signal  apparatus  is  not  properly- 
working. 


KAILBOAD   TEANSPORTATION  109 

Qualifications:  Must  pass  physical  examination,  with  reference  to  eye- 
sight, hearing,  and  colors ;  must  pass  examination  on  flagging  rules,  and 
must  be  a  capable  electrical  worker ;  must  have  had  considerable  experi- 
ence on  signal  construction  work. 

Schooling:  Common  school  or  equivalent. 

SIGNAL  MAINTAINER,  ASSISTANT  SNTTFP 

Kindred  Occupation:   Signal  holper. 

Description:  Assistant  signal  maintainers  assist  signal  maintainers  in  main- 
tenance of  signals  or  interlocking  plants. 

Qualifications:  Must  pass  physical  examination  with  reference  to  eyesight, 
liPiirinp,  and  colors;  and  pass  examination  on  flagging  rules. 

Schooling:   Common  school  or  equivalent. 

SIGNAL  REPAIR  MAN  SOIL 

Description:  A  signal  repair  man  is  a  shop  employee  in  a  signal  repair  shop 
wh(»  repairs  apparatus  used  in  automatic  block  signaling  and  interlock- 
ing plants. 
Qualifications:  Must  be  a  competent  machine  repair  man  and  electrical 
trouble  shooter ;  must  have  had  considerable  experience  on  signal  con- 
struction and  maintenance  work. 
Schooling:   Common  school. 

SIGNAL  SUPERVISOR  SOBER 

Description:   The  signal  supervisor  has  charge  of  all  signal  apparatus  on 

his  division  and  all  division  signal  employees  report  to  him. 
Qualifications:   A   thorough   knowledge   of   signal    apparatus.     A    thorough 
familiarity  with  operating  and  maintenance  of  way   rules  and   regula- 
tions, and  ability  to  handle  men;  experience  in  signal  construction  and 
maintenance. 
Schooling:  Technical  education  at  college  or  university. 

SIGNAL  WIREMAN  SODA 

Description:   Signal  wirenian  does  electric  wiring,  connects  up  motors,  oper- 
ating signals,   and   switch   throwing  apparatus   in   connection   with   the 
construction  of  automatic  block  signals,  electric  interlocking  plants,  etc. 
Qualifications:   Must  be  a   first-class  electrical   worker. 

STATION  AGENT  SHED 

Description:  The  station  agent  has  charge  of  the  railway  records,  property, 
and  employees  at  his  station;  attends  to  the  sale  of  tickets;  receives, 
dolivors,  and  forwards  freight  and  collects  for  same. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  posted  as  to  requirements  of  the  trafllc,  ac- 
counting, treasury  and  claim  departments,  and  know  how  to  deal  with 
the  public.  He  is  usually  promoted  from  telegrapher,  cashier,  or  as- 
sistant agent. 
Schooling:   Common  school  or  equivalent. 

STATION  ATTENDANT  SHEEN" 

Station    attendants   are   grouped    as   follows:    Gateman ;    Train    caller   or 

usher;  I'orter  or  red  cap;  Bulletin  board  poster. 
Description:  The  duties  of  the  station  attendants  are  to  attend  gates,  call 

trains,  post  bulletin  boards,  assist  pa.ssengers,  or  to  do  any  similar  kind 

of  work  connected  with  the  conduct  of  the  station. 
Qualifications:   He  must  be  neat  In  appearance  and  courteous  in  manner. 

87064—18 9 


110  RAILROAD   TRANtJPORTATION 

Schooling:  He  should  be  able  to  roa<l  and  write. 

Note. — A  i^oi-Hon  employed  under  the  code  word  for  station  attendant 
may  i)0  assigned  to  any  one  of  the  occur>atlons  listed  above. 

STATION  MASTER  SHARP 

Description:  The  station  master  has  charye  of  malvlng  up  and  dispatching 
local  passenger  trains,  receiving  and  dispatching  through  trains,  looking 
after  the  necessary  shifting  of  such  trains,  sees  that  crews  are  provided 
for  all  trains  and  that  they  are  on  hand  promptly  to  take  charge  of  same. 
Has  general  diarge  of  all  employees  ai)out  the  station  and  reports  any 
neglected  duty.     / 

The  station  master's  assistant  has  the  same  qualifications  as  the  station 
master  and  works  when  the  station  master  is  off  duty  or,  in  the  larger 
stations,  relieves  the  station  master  of  part  of  his  work. 
Qualifications:  Al)ility  to  maintain  station  in  proper  condition  and  attend 
courteously  to  wants  of  passengers.  Physical  examination,  including 
sight,  hearing,  and  colors.  Must  have  worked  in  some  capacity,  such  as 
assistant  yard  master  or  train  employee,  to  gain  the  knowledge  necessary 
in  handling  train  movements  about  the  station. 
Schooling:   Common  school. 

STATION  MASTER,  ASSISTANT.     (Sec  Station  master.) 

STOREKEEPER,  ROAD  DEPARTMENT  DIVISION  SLAY 

Description:  A  road  department  division  storekeeper  takes  care  of  a  stock 
of  track  supplies  used  on  a  division,  issues  supplies  to  foremen  and  others 
on  requisitions,  and  makes  report  to  the  accountant  of  supplies  issued,  also 
approves  bills  for  supplies  received,  and  makes  requisition  for  additional 
material  to  keep  up  his  stock. 
Qualifications:   Should  be  familiar  with  road  department  material  and  its 

use.     Should  have  been  section  foreman  or  in  similar  position. 
Schooling:  Common  school  education. 

SUPERVISING  AGENT  SHEEP 

Description:  The  supervising  agent  has  general  charge  of  passenger,  bag- 
gage, freight,  and  scale  agents ;  has  charge  of  the  station,  grounds,  build- 
ings, and  sidings  within  his  jurisdiction ;  and  has  the  employment  and 
supervision  of  the  men  engaged  in  this  service. 
Qualifications:  He  should  be  able  to  handle  men  and  understand  thor- 
oughly the  work  over  which  he  is  to  have  supervision.  He  should  be  a 
good  .iudge  of  men  and  able  to  pick  the  man  qualified  to  do  the  work  to 
which  he  is  to  be  assigned.  He  should  have  had  actual  experience  in 
the  freight  liouse  and  scale  house  and  in  the  general  conduct  of  affairs 
about  a  railroad  yard  and  depot. 

SUPERVISOR,   BRIDGES  AND  BUILDINGS  SLUSH 

Description:  The  supervisor  of  bridges  and  buildings  is  the  officer  in  charge 

of  maintenance  and  reconstruction  of  all  buildings  on  his  division.     All 

carpenter  and  painter  forces,  pile  driver  engineers,  etc.,  report  to  him. 

Qualifications:  Must  be  able  to  handle  men,  be  familiar  w^ith  operating  and 

maintenance  of  way  rules  and  regulations,  be  a  first-class  carpenter,  and 

thoroughly  familiar  with  method  of  handling  timber,  steel,  and  masoni-y 

construction.     Preferably  technical  training.     Should  have  lieen  foreman 

of  bridge  and  building  gang. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 


BAILEOAD   TBANSPOBTATION  111 

SUPERVISOR,   TRACK  SMACK 

Description:  A  track  supervisor  1ms  charge  of  the  maiuteuaiice  ot  track 
on  from  40  to  100  miles  of  railroad.  He  is  supposed  to  speud  practi- 
cally all  of  his  time  either  with  the  various  sections  or  extra  gangs, 
or  riding  over  the  road  inspecting  the  track  and  giving  instructions  to 
the  section  gangs  with  reference  to  the  manner  of  carrying  out  their 
work.  He  should  be  present  when  any  unusual  or  important  work  is 
undertaken,  and  should  go  immediately  to  the  scene  of  any  accident. 
He  should  make  a  check  of  the  time-books,  accident  reports,  etc.,  of  the 
different  section  and  extra  gang  foremen.  The  foremen  of  all  track 
gangs  employed  in  his  district  report  to  him.  {On  some  roads  this  posi- 
tion is  called  roadmaster. ) 
Qualifications:  Ability  to  handle  men.  Must  know  fully  train  rules  and 
road  department  rules,  be  thoroughly  posted  in  construction  and  mainte- 
nance of  track,  and  have  3  to  5  years  as  section  foreman. 
Schooling:  Common  school  or  equivalent. 

SUPERVISOR,   WATER   STATIONS  SMEAR 

Description:  The  supervisor  of  water  stations  has  charge  of  all  water 
supply  work  on  a  division.  The  pumpers  and  pump  repairmen  report  to 
him,  and  work  under  his  direction. 
Qualifications:  Must  be  thoroughly  familiar  with  all  types  of  pumping  en- 
gines, and  know  how  to  make  repairs  on  same.  Should  be  a  fair  car- 
penter and  machinist,  and  be  able  to  handle  men.  Should  be  a  good 
pump  I'epairer,  with  some  experience  as  carpenter. 
Schooling:  Common  school. 

SWITCHMAN.     (See  Brakeman,  yard.) 

SWITCH  TENDER,  YARD  SHAVE 

Description:   The  switch  tender.s,  yard,  are  employees  other  than  those  in 

towers  controlling  switches  and  signals,  whose  duty  is  to  operate  yard 

switches  for  trains  and  engines  using  them.     They  keep  the  switches  in 

good  condition  and  free  from  obstruction. 
Qualifications:   Good  eyesight  and  hearing.     Required  to  pass  examinations 

on   eyesight,    hearing,    and   color,   together   with   physical    examinntions. 

Position  is  filled  by  incapacitated  men  from  train  .service. 
Schooling:    Equivalent  to  common  school. 

TELEGRAPHER  TRADE 

Description:  The  telegrapher  receives  and  transmits  messtiges,  receives  and 
delivers  train  orders,  blocks  trains,  must  keep  a  full  set  of  signals  and 
use  the  same  as  required  by  the  rules. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  a  skilled  telegrapher,  capable  of  receiving  and 
sending  not  less  than  25  words  per  minute.  He  must  understand  the  use 
of  the  telejihone  and  the  rules  prescrilted  by  the  railway  for  the  opera- 
tion of  both  the  telegraph  and  the  telephone.  He  must  know  all  the  rules 
concerning  train  orders  and  operating  trains  In  the  yards  and  on  the 
main  line.     He  must  have  good  hearing  and  good  color  sight. 

TELEPHONE    AND    TELEGRAPH   MAINTAINER.      (Srr    Telephone    and    tele- 
graph repairman.) 


1  12  RAILROAD  TRANSPORTATION 

TELEPHONE  AND  TELEGRAPH  REPAIR  MAN  TORN 

Description:  The  diilics  of  llie  Iclciilimu.  ;iii(l  tok'^niph  repnirni.-iii  are  to 
keep  nil  tL'U'F>li<»iK;  iind  tek'Krni)li  jipparatus  in  a  certain  specified  terri- 
tory in  AvorklnK  order,  iiiMkln;,'  frwuiciit  inspections  and  all  necessary 
rejmirs. 
Qualiflcations:  lie  should  he  ahh;  to  read  wiring  and  electrical  drawings 
and  specillcatlons;  should  have  a  thorouKh  knowledge  of  the  construction 
of  telephone  and  telegraph  instruments.  He  should  know  liow  to  main- 
tain storage  hatteries  and  to  install  either  dry  cell  or  storage  batteries, 
lie  must  thoroughly  understand  all  terminal  box  and  cable  connections, 
heat  coils,  lightning  arresters,  cut-outs,  and  devices  protecting  against 
high  tension  cm-rents.  He  must  be  able  to  test  for  short  circuit  and 
ground,  and  al)le  to  take  out  and  replace  any  portion  of  the  instrument 
or  line  distribution,  protection  or  controlling  device.  He  should  have 
served  an  equivalent  to  an  apprenticeship  and  had  considerable  experi- 
ence as  a  telephone  repairman. 
Schooling:  Common  school;  preferably  trade  school  or  technical  high 
school. 

TICKET  CLERK  THEME 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  ticket  clerk  are  to  sell  tickets  under  the 
supervision  of  the  passenger-ticket  agent  and  to  assist  him  in  various 
clerical  duties, 
ftualifications:  The  ticket  clerk  must  understand  all  classes  of  transporta- 
tion, be  familiar  with  the  various  train-schedule  books,  and  be  able  to 
All  out  all  kinds  of  special  and  coupon  tickets  under  the  direction  of  the 
ticket  agent.  He  should  be  a  good  penman,  neat  in  personal  appearance, 
and  courteous. 
Schooling:   Common  school. 

TICKET  COLLECTOR.     {See  Train  ticket  collector.) 

TICKET  EXAMINER  THANK 

Description:   The  ticket  examiner  opens  and  closes  gates  for  the  passage  of 

incoming  and  outgoing  passengers,  examines  and  punches  tickets,  and 

directs  passengers  to  right  trains, 
ftualifications:   Neat  in  appearance  and  courteous  in  manner.     Must  have 

had  suflicient  experience  in  handling  tickets  and  other  transportation 

equivalent  to  pass  the  examination  required  by  the  auditing  department. 
Schooling:   Common  school. 

TOWERMAN.     {Sec  Leverman.) 

TRACK  FOREMAN,  APPRENTICE  TIARA 

Description:  The  apprentice  foreman  is  an  assistant  to  the  section  fore- 
man or  extra  gang  foreman  under  whom  he  is  employed,  and  takes  charge 
of  the  force,  if  it  is  necessary  for  the  foreman  to  be  absent  for  any 
reason,  or  takes  charge  of  a  part  of  the  force,  if  it  is  necessary  to  divide 
the  force  into  two  gangs. 
Qualifications:  Ability  to  handle  men  and  knowledge  of  track  work. 
Schooling:   Common  school  or  equivalent. 

TRACK  SUPERVISOR.     {See  Supervisor,  track.) 


EAILKOAD  TRANSPOETATION  113 

TRACK  WATCHMAN  THYME 

Description:  The  track  watchman  walks  the  track,  inspecting  ties  and  rail 
joints  for  imperfections.  It  is  also  his  duty  to  see  that  all  fences  are  in 
repair  and  to  close  all  private  gates.  He  should  be  thoroughly  familiar 
with  the  construction  of  all  frogs,  switches,  and  rail  crossings;  familiar 
with  all  signal  devices,  also  with  methods  of  signaling  trains. 
Qualifications:  Should  have  good  health,  be  alert,  and  thoroughly  reliable. 
Sufficient  experience  as  track  laborer  to  understand  his  work  thoroughly. 

TRAIN  CALLER  THAT 

Description:    Employee  in  passenger  depot  who.se  duty  it  is  to  announce  the 

departure  of  trains. 
Qualifications:   Ability  to  read  and  write  and  talk  English. 

TRAIN  DIRECTOR  THAW 

Description:   The  duties  of  train  director  are  to  receive  orders  from  the 

train  dispatcher  for  the  movement  of  trains  and  transmit  them  to  the 

train  crows. 
Qualifications:  Must  be  an  expert  telegrapher  and  telephoner.     Must  have 

good    eyesight,    especially    with    reference    to    colors,    and    understand 

all  the  rules  of  the  road  for  the  movement  and  signaling  of  trains. 
Schooling:  Common  school  or  equivalent. 

TRAIN  DISPATCHER  TRICK 

Description:  The  train  dispatcher  is  a  telegraph  or  telephone  operator 
whose  duty  it  is  to  direct  the  movement  of  all  trains  moving  on  a  certain 
specified  operating  division  of  a  railroad.  It  is  his  duty  to  transmit 
orders  to  the  local  telegraph  operators,  who,  in  turn,  issue  orders  to  the 
conductor  for  the  movement  of  trains.  The  train  dispatcher  must  know 
at  all  times  the  exact  location  and  running  schedule  of  each  train  on  his 
division, 

^  Qualifications:  Must  be  an  expert  telegrapher  and  telephoner.  Must  ad- 
vance to  the  position  as  train  dispatcher  through  experience  gained  as 
train  dispatcher's  clerk  and  chief  dispatcher's  clerk. 

TRAIN  GATEMAN.      (See  Ticket  examiner.) 

TRAINMAN.     ( Sec  Brakeman  and  flagman,  passenger  train. ) 

TRAIN  TICKET  COLLECTOR  THEFT 

Description:  The  train  ticket  collector  assists  the  conductor  in  collection 
of  lures,  tickets,  and  other  transportation  authority.  On  heavy  runs  he 
collects  all  tickets  while  the  conductor  attends  to  proper  handling  of 
passengers  and  train. 

Qualifications:  Should  have  knowledge  of  different  classes  of  transporta- 
tion and  should  know  train  rules. 

Schooling:   Connnon  school  or  equivalent. 

TRANSFER  AGENT.     ( .S'cc  Agent,  transfer  station.) 

WAITER  WARD 

Kindred  Occupation:  Waiter  in  hotels  and  re.staurants. 
Description:  The  waiter  takes  orders  for  food  from  patrons  of  dining  cars, 

removes   dishes   from    the    table,    and    sees    that    the    table    Is    properly 

arranged  for  such  service. 
Qualifications:   The  waiter  should  bo  neat,  careful,  and  courteous. 
Schooling:  Ability  to  read  and  write 


114  RATLBOAD   TRANSPORTATION 

WAREHOUSEMAN  WARE 

Kindred  Occupation:   StoniKc  wiireliouwiiiiin. 

Description:  Wnrchousemcn  are  eiiKaged  In  storing  freight  in  warehouses. 
'I'Im'.v  IoikI  freight  from  wnreliouse  to  cars  and  unload  from  cars  to  ware- 
liouse,  stow  frelffht  In  warehouse,  and  receive  and  deliver  from  shippers 
t<i  conKlKtieos. 

Qualifications:   Good  health  and  strength. 

Schooling:   Common  school. 

WATCHMAN  WEARY 

Kindred  Occupation:   Watchman  at  industrial  plants. 

Description:  The  watchman  Is  appointed  to  watch  or  look  after  the  rail- 
road company's  property  at  a  certain  point. 

Qualifications:  This  man  is  often  a  laborer  or  section  man  detailed  for 
this  (hity.     He  is  usually  a  retired  or  superannuated  employee. 

Schooling:   Common  school. 

WATCHMAN,  ENGINE  HOUSE.     (See  Helper,  railway  shop.) 

WATCHMAN,  TRACK.     {See  Track  watchman.) 

WEIGHMASTER   OR  WEIGHMAN  WARN 

Description:  It  is  the  duty  of  the  weighmaster  to  weigh  and  keep  a  record 

of  car-load  shipments  passing  over  the  scales  at  the  point  he  is  located. 

He  must  keep  records  on  a  standard  blank  form. 
Qualifications:    Ability   to   weigh   and   keep  detailed   record   of   shipments 

passing  over  his  scale. 
Schooling:   Common  school  or  equivalent. 

YARD  BRAKEMAN.     {See  Brakeman,  yard.) 

YARD  FOREMAN.      (See  Conductor,  yard.) 

YARDMASTER  YACHT 

Kindred  Occupation:  Conductor,  road,  freight,  and  switch. 

Description:  The  yardmaster  has  immediate  supervision  over  yard  forces 
and  yard  operation.  On  some  railroads  he  has  also  supervision  over  the 
calling  of  train  crews  and  the  train  seniority  list. 

Qualifications:  Good  color  sight  and  hearing;  the  ability  to  stand  exposure. 
He  must  be  thoroughly  familiar  with  the  rules  governing,  and  the  duties 
of  employees  connected  with,  train  service;  must  know  the  reports  and 
records  necessary  in  the  discharge  of  his  duties,  see  that  cars  are  not 
unnecessarily  delaj'ed  in  passing  through  his  yard,  and  see  that  waybills 
are  received  for  cars  ari-iving  and  delivered  to  conductors  for  cars  depart- 
ing. Must  he  faiftiliar  with  book  of  rules  and  see  that  all  orders  are  prop- 
erly given  and  executed. 

Schooling:   F!quivalent  to  common  school. 

YARDMASTER'S  ASSISTANT  •  YAK 

Kindred  Occupation:  Conductor,  freight  train  and  yard. 
Description:   Yardmaster's  assistants  are  employees  other  than  yard  clerks 
who  assist  the  yardmaster  in  the  performance  of  his  duties. 


RAILROAD  TRANSPORTATION  115 

Qualifications :  He  must  be  thoroughly  familiar  with  the  rules  governing, 
and  the  duties  of.  employees  connected  with  the  train  sen-ice;  know  the 
reports  and  records  necessary  in  the  discharge  of  his  duties,  see  that 
cars  are  not  unnecessarily  delayed  in  passing  through  his  yard,  and  see 
that  waybills  are  received  for  cars  arriving  and  delivered  to  conductors 
for  oars  departing. 

Schooling:   Equivalent  to  common  school. 


SHIPBUILDING  OCCUPATION  GROUP 

AECHITECT,  MARINE  ACUTE 

Kindred  Occupations:  Marine  designer;  Marine  engineer;  Mectiauical  en- 
gineer;  Naval  architect. 
Description:  The  marine  architect's  duties  consist  of  planning  and  design- 
ing the  hull  and  details  of  steamships  and  ships  in  general  and  super- 
vising the  construction  of  water  crafts. 
Qualifications:  The  marine  architect  must  be  a  thoroughly  experienced 
marine  architectural  engineer  specialist  in  design,  construction,  and 
repair  of  steel  or  wooden  ships  and  barges.  He  must  have  a  thorough 
knowledge  of  the  laws  of  water  pressure,  strength  of  materials,  and 
design  of  structural  steel  frames,  columns,  arches,  and  roof  structures, 
especially  as  related  to  hulls  and  design  and  treatment  of  ship  in- 
teriors. 

He  must  be  familiar  with  design,  installation  of  power,  heating,  venti- 
lating, refrigerating,  plumbing  and  lighting  systems  as  applied  to  marine 
service,  and  capable  of  the  complete  layout  of  a  ship's  interior,  or  tearing 
down  and  reconstructing  interiors  for  special  purposes. 

He  must  be  capable  of  preparing  all  specifications  and  contracts, 
supervising  the  purchase  and  inspection  of  all  materials,  and  be  able  to 
act  in  an  advisory  and  consulting  capacity  in  all  matters  pertaining  to 
ship  hull  construction. 

He  should  have  had  similar  exi:)erience  in  connection  with  a  large  ship- 
building plant,  or  opei-ating  steamship  company. 

BITUMASTIC   APPLIER  BIIL 

Description:  The  bitumastic  applier  lays  composition  material  on  the  inner 
bottoms  of  tanks  and  waterways,  in  pockets  and  curves  about  brackets 
and  frames,  in  joints  between  plates  and  foundations  for  tiles,  and  on 
decks  and  floors. 
Qualifications:  The  bitumastic  applier  must  be  able  to  mis  composition 
material  for  work  to  be  done  and  use  a  trowel  and  other  cement  form- 
ing tools. 

BOAT  BUILDER,   STEEL  BIND 

Description:   The  steel  boat  builder  in  a  shipyard  constructs,  fits  up,  and 

repairs  all  kinds  of  small  steel  boats,  pontoons,  and  floats. 
Qualifications:  The  steel  boat  builder  must  be  a  skilled  sheet  metal  worker, 
capable  of  working  all  gauges  of  steel  up  to  and  including  10  gauge. 
He  must  be  able  to  work  from  drawings  and  templates.  In  addition 
he  must  have  a  full  knowledge  of  all  steel  boat  builder's  tools ;  be  able 
to  solder  witli  soldering  copper  or  blow  torch ;  must  be  able  to  set  forms, 
bend  frames,  lay  decks,  and  line  up  a  boat.  He  should  have  served  an 
equivalent  of  an  apprenticeship  under  a  journeyman  or  steel  boat  builder. 
Schooling:  Common  school. 
116 


SHIPBUILDING  117 

BOAT  BUILDER,  WOOD  BEVEL 

Kindred  Occupations:  Boat  carpenter;  Canoe  builder  J  Joiner;  Pattern 
maker. 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  wood  boat  builder  are  the  building  and 
repair  of  small  wooden  boats,  floats,  pontoons,  and  motor  boats. 

Qnalifications:  He  should  be  experienced  in  the  details  of  construction  of 
all  classes  of  flush  and  clinker  built  or  canvas  covered  pleasure  or  life 
boats  or  canoes,  small  yachts  or  cruising  boats  of  all  sorts.  He  must  be 
capable  of  building  or  repairing  pontoons  or  wooden  floats.  He  should 
be  skilled  in  the  use  of  carpenter's,  boat  builder's,  and  joiner's  tools,  and 
familiar  with  all  kinds  of  wood  used  in  boat  building,  and  be  an  expert 
gluer  and  a  capable,  accurate  worker. 

Schooling:   Common  school;  preferably  high  school. 

BOLTER  UP  BIRCH 

Description:   The  bolter  up  works  in  conjunction  with  the  plate  hanger, 

regulator  or  ship  fitter,  placing  and  drawing  up  bolts  in  ship  plates  and 

frame  work,  in  advance  of  reamers  and  riveters. 
Qualifications:  The    bolter    up    must    be    familiar    with    working    about 

scaffolds  and  stagings,  and  capable  of  using  wrenches,  mauls,  and  drift 

pins. 

CALKER,  WOOD  CHIRP 

Description:   The  duties  of  the  wood  calker  are  to  fill  in  the  seams  in 

the  planking  in  the  hull,  with  cotton,  oakum,  rosin,  white  lead,  putty  or 

pitch,   as  circumstances   require,   to   make   them   water-tight.     A   wood 

calker  may  also  calk  wooden  decks, 
ftualifications:  The   wood    calker    should    thoroughly    understand    calking 

tools   and  the  proce.<?s  of  calking,   so  as  to  make  the  seams  perfectly 

water-tight. 

CANVAS   WORKER  CHIVE 

Kindred  Occupations:  Awning  maker;  Canvas  sewing  machine  operator; 
Canvas  working  machine  operator;  Sail  maker. 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  canvas  worker  are  the  laying  out,  cutting, 
and  sewing  of  canvas  and  duck. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  thoroughly  experienced  in  canvas  work  and 
skilled  in  the  operations  involved  in  the  manufacture  of  articles  of  can- 
vas or  duck,  such  as  tents,  awnings,  bags,  and  sacks.  He  must  be  able  to 
lay  out  from  drawings  or  samples,  and  cut,  sew,  or  skillfully  perform 
operations  involved  in  the  process  or  manufacture  of  such  articles. 

Schooling:   Common  school. 

CARPENTER,  SHIP,  FOREMAN,  OR  SHIPWRIGHT  CHIN 

Kindred  Occupations:  Boat  builder:  Skilled  general  carpenter:  Timber 
carpenter. 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  foreman  ship  carpenter  are  to  supervise  the 
building  of  wooden  ships,  large  pontoons,  barges,  and  other  classes  of 
floating  craft.  In  steel  ship  work  he  supervises  all  necessary  wood  con- 
struction except  the  interior  finishing,  which  Is  done  by  the  ship  joiner. 

Qualifications:  He  mu.st  be  a  skilled  all-round  ship  carpenter,  experienced 
in  building  barges,  pontoons,  and  wooden  ships,  including  all  such  work 
as    laying   out,    framing,    stage    building,    fastening,    planking,    calking, 


118  SHIPBUILDING 

hewlnK.  (IfH'k  In.vlnK,  etc.     He  must  be  experienced  In  building  launch- 
Inj?  ways,  launching  cradles,  and  in  the  actual  launching  of  wood  and 
steel  ships. 
Schooling:   Common  school ;  preferably  high  school. 

CARPENTER,  SHIP,  GENERAL  CHINA 

Description:  The  general  ship  carpenter  on  wooden  ships  does  the  usual 
kind  of  .ship  carpentry,  such  as  planking,  beveling,  dubbing,  scarfing, 
squaring,  strapping,  and  spar  making.  On  steel  ship  work  he  erects 
staging,  lays  wooden  decks,  builds  launching  ways  and  launching  cradles, 
and  assists  in  launching. 

ftuallflcations:  Ho  must  be  thoroughly  skilled  in  the  use  of  the  ordinary 
carpenter's  tools  and  in  addition  have  special  training  with  the  adz, 
broadax,  and  other  special  ship  tools.  He  should  be  able  to  work  to 
drawings  and  understand  framing  and  sheathing  work  and  should  be 
capable  of  doing  rapid,  rough  work,  both  by  hand  and  with  the  ordinary 
wood-working  machines. 

Schooling:   Counnon  school. 

CEMENTER.      {See  Bitumastic  applier.) 

CHIPPER  AND   CALKER.  MACHINE  CHOIR 

Kindred  Occupation:   Structural  steel  chipper. 

Description:  The  machine  chipper  and  calker  cuts,  chips,  splits,  files,  and 
Liilks  angles  and  seams  on  steel  plate  work  to  make  joints  water-tight. 

ftualiflcations:  The  machine  chipper  and  calker  must  thoroughly  under- 
stand the  use  of  the  pneumatic  hammer  and  necessary  tools  for  chip- 
ping and  calking.  He  should  be  able  to  work  on  scaffolding  and  in 
all  sorts  of  difficult  places.  He  should  have  done  similar  work  in  ship- 
yard or  boiler  shop. 

DEVELOPER.      (See  Loftsman.) 

DRILLER  AND  REAMER,  PORTABLE,  OUTSIDE  DANCE 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  operator  of  the  portable  drill  in  outside 
work  in  the  shipyards  are  to  drill,  ream,  countersink,  and  tap  small  holes, 
and  to  do  cutter-bar  work  for  the  inserting  of  patch  bolts, 
ftualifications:  The  portable-drill  operator  must  be  able  to  operate  and 
adjust  all  kinds  of  electrical  or  other  types  of  portable  power-driven 
drills,  breast  drills,  or  ratchet  drills.  Must  be  able  to  fix  all  brackets  and 
clamps  for  the  supporting  of  the  drill,  and  be  able  to  adjust  and  sharpen 
cutters, 

ELECTRICIAN,  CHIEF  SHIP  EGO 

Kindred  Occupations :  Electrician ;  Interior  wireman ;  Power-plant  elec- 
trician. 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  chief  ship  electrician  are  the  installation 
and  operation  of  electrical  equipment  of  all  kinds  on  large  ships. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  a  thoroughly  experienced  ship  electrician, 
capable  of  installing  according  to  drawings  the  complete  electrical-wiring 
systems  used  in  ship  construction  for  lighting,  auxiliary,  power,  tele- 
phone, bells,  annunciators,  and  all  signaling  devices.  He  must  be  thor- 
oughly skilled  in  water-tight  conduit  work  and  the  use  of  various  types 
of  marine  conduits,  outlets,  switches,  and  w'iring  devices  of  all  kinds. 
He  must  have  a  knowledge  of  the  care  and  operation  of  generators, 


SHIPBUILDING  119 

motors,  searchlights,  storage  batteries,  and  other  auxiliary  apparatus. 
Must  be  capable  of  locating  and  repairing  all  kinds  of  wiring  defects  and 
of  makinjr  niinf>r  repairs  on  various  types  of  ship  electrical  appliances, 
such  as  motors,  seai'chlights,  cooking  ranges,  ovens,  fans,  and  irons.  He 
should  have  a  knowledge  of  the  construction  of  wireless  systems  and 
have  had  similar  experience  on  any  large  passenger,  freight,  or  war  ship. 

ENGINEER,  MARINE  EGRET 

Kindred  Occupations:  Mechanical  engineer:  Naval  architect. 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  marine  engineer  are  to  supervise  and  design 
construction  and  installation  of  all  mechanical  elements  of  ships,  marine 
equipment,  and  docks. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  a  technical  engineer  with  thorough  theoretical 
knowledge  and  broad  practical  experience  In  plaiuiing  and  design,  con- 
.struction  and  installation  of  the  complete  power  and  machinery  equip- 
ment, including  main  engines,  condensers,  pumps,  electrical  equipment, 
boilers,  piping  systems,  and  steering  gear  of  river,  lake,  or  ocean- 
going ships,  tugs,  and  special  craft,  such  as  oil  tankers,  floating  derricks, 
and  large  dredges.  He  must  al.so  be  thoroughly  familiar  with  the 
mechanical  equipment  of  floating  lock  gates  and  pumping  plants  for 
emptying  dry  docks.  He  should  be  familiar  with  dock  and  cargo-handling 
apparatus,  .such  as  winches,  hoists,  and  conveyers.  He  should  have  a 
knowledge  of  fabricating  and  handling  machinery  used  in  ship  con- 
struction and  have  some  knowledge  of  hull  design  and  construction,  with 
relation  to  installation  of  a  ship  power  plant  and  operating  machinery. 

Schooling:  He  should  he  a  graduate  of  a  technical  scliool. 

ERECTOR  LEADER  EMBER 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  erector  leader  are  to  look  after  the  receipt 
of  fabricated  material  and  the  placement  in  position  in  the  hull.  The 
erector  leader  is  stationed  on  the  ship  and  assists  all  hull  assemblers  in 
the  placing  of  the  ship  plate  and  frames. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  capable  of  handling  plates,  channels,  beams,  and 
structural  material  of  all  sorts  used  in  the  make-up  of  the  hull,  and 
familiar  with  bending,  locating  drifting  holes,  and  bolting  up.  leaving 
the  work  ready  for  the  riveters.  He  must  also  understand  all  marks 
and  symbols  used  to  designate  the  location  of  parts. 

JOINER,  SHIP  JADE 

Description:  The  ship  joiner  does  the  interior  finishing  on  the  ship,  in- 
cluding cabin  and  stateroom  work,  stair  building,  etc.  He  also  builds 
and  assembles  furniture,  sideboards,  bookcases,  and  deck  houses. 
Qualifications:  The  ship  joiner  must  be  able  to  read  drawings,  to  do  all 
kinds  of  cabinetmaking  and  joinery,  to  operate  woodworking  machinery, 
and  be  familiar  with  the  peculiarities  of  ship  construction,  such  as  the 
use  of  the  bevel  and  bevel  board. 
Schooling:  Common  school. 

LEAD  BURNER  LASS 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  lead  burner  consLst  of  connecting  storage 
battery  terminals  and  leads,  making  lead  lined  tanks  and  construction 
or  repair  of  lead  chemical  apparatus. 


120  SHIPBUILDING 

(lualiflcations:  Tlie  lead  burner  must  be  a  thoroughly  experienced  and  skilled 
lead  burner,  familiar  with  all  classes  of  lead-burning  work,  especially 
buttery  terminals  and  connections  for  stationary  and  portable  storage 
batteries,  lead  or  lined  chemical  tanks,  retorts,  and  apparatus.  He  should 
have  had  such  experience  in  a  storage  battery  manufacturing  plant  or 
diemical  works. 

LINER  MAN  LASSO 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  liner  man  are  to  measure  up  for  and  make 

wood  templates  for  metal  liners  and  to  square  and  put  liners  into  place 

after  bending  or  tapering, 
(lualiflcations:   He  must  be  capable  of  working  on  scaffolding  and  able  to 

do  climbing.     He  should  know  how  to  use  the  ordinary  hand  carpentry 

tools  and  be  able  to  fit  and  bolt  up  liners. 

LINESMAN.     (Sec  Loftsman.) 

LOFTSMAN,  LINESMAN,  DEVELOPER  LAST 

Description:  A  loftsman  is  a  man  who  lays  out  the  lines  of  the  ship  full 
size  on  the  floor  or  scrive  board  from  tables  and  drawings  furnished  by 
the  drawing  office,  and  develops  and  makes  full-size  wooden  or  paper  tem- 
plates for  the  different  parts  of  the  ship.  A  linesman  is  an  expert  lofts- 
man. A  developer  is  a  loftsman  particularly  skilled  in  work  requiring 
development  of  curved  plates. 
Qualifications:  He  must  know  geometric  construction  and  developments 
thoroughly.  He  must  be  thoroughly  familiar  with  hand  carpentry  tools 
and  with  the  ordinary  machine  tools,  such  as  crosscut,  rip,  and  cut-off 
saws,  planers,  jointers,  and  band  saws. 
Schooling:  High  school  or  equivalent. 

MARINE  ENGINE  AND  AUXILIARY  DRAFTSMAN  MANOR 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  marine  engine  and  auxiliary  draftsman 
are  to  prepare  assembly  and  detail  drawings  of  marine  engines  and 
auxiliary  equipment. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  a  thoroughly  experienced  mechanical  drafts- 
man, with  special  knowledge  of  general  design  and  details  of  marine 
engines,  eitlier  single,  compound,  or  triple  expansion,  steam  turbines, 
boilers,  pumps,  condensers  and  feed  water  heaters,  piping,  and  aux- 
iliary apparatus.  He  must  be  familiar  with  the  layout  of  foundations 
and  supports  of  power  and  operating  equipment  in  ships  of  different 
types.  Must  be  thoroughly  familiar  with  materials  of  construction,  able 
to  calculate  and  proportion  dimensions  of  parts,  capable  of  making  sec- 
tional drawings  of  any  part  or  parts  of  the  main  power  or  auxiliary 
apparatus.  Must  be  capable  of  turning  out  complete  finished  drawings 
in  connection  with  any  part  of  the  mechanical  equipment  of  a  ship. 
Schooling:  Preferably  high  school  or  technical  graduate. 

NAVAL  ARCHITECT.     (See  Architect,  marine.) 

PACKER  PORT 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  packer  are  to  introduce  paper,  canvas,  or 

other  substances  to  act  as  stopwaters  between  metal  surfaces. 
Qualifications:   He  must  be  experienced   in   the  use  of  the  hammer,   lap 

wedge,  and  ramming  wedge. 


SHIPBUILDING  121 

PLATE  HANGER  POACH 

Description:   The  duties  of  the  plate  hanfror  are  to  put  ?hip  phites  into  place 

under  the  direction  of  the  erector  leader  and  make  it  ready  for  the 

bolter-up. 
Qualifications:   He  must  be  able  to  work  on  scaffolding  and  staging  and 

must  be  capable  of  using  mauls,  wrenches,  and  drift  pins. 

PLATE-SHED  OR  SHIP-SHED  FOREMAN  PEAR 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  ship-shed  foreman  are  to  supervise  the 
handling,  laying  out,  and  fabricating  of  all  the  plates  and  structural- 
steel  parts  of  the  ship,  including  both  hand  and  machine  work. 

Qualifications:  A  ship-shed  foreman  must  be  familiar  with  all  the  opera- 
tions required  in  fabricating  structural  steel,  such  as  bending,  punching, 
shearing,  drilling,  etc. ;  must  understand  proper  methods  of  laying  out 
for  ship  work,  and  be  capable  of  handling  large  numbers  of  men  dis- 
tributed in  the  various  gangs  throughout  the  shop. 

Schooling:   Common  school;  preferably  high  school. 

PLUMBER,  MARINE  PEACH 

Kindred  Occupations:  Pipe  fitter,  journeyman;  Plumber,  journeyman; 
Steam  fitter,  marine. 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  marine  plumber  are  the  installation  and 
repair  of  all  kinds  of  plumbing  equipment  and  fixtures  on  board  ship. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  a  practical  plumber,  experienced  in  in.stalling 
all  kinds  of  sanitary  plumbing  appliances,  such  as  toilets,  sinks,  drains, 
and  waste  pipes.  He  must  have  a  thorough  knowledge  of  all  kinds  of 
pipe  fittings.  Must  be  able  to  work  from  drawings  or  templates  and  be 
able  to  make  his  own  templates.  The  marine  plumber  must  be  especially 
skilled  in  bending  all  sizes  of  pipe,  and  in  handling  large  sizes  of  lead 
pipe.  He  should  have  not  less  than  an  equivalent  to  an  apprenticeship 
under  a  journeyman  plumber. 

Schooling:  Not  less  than  common  school;  preferably  trade  school  or  tech- 
nical high  school. 

RIGGER,   SHIP  RACER 

Description:  The  ship  rigger's  duties  consist  of  the  installing  of  all  tackle 
and  the  fitting  of  wire  and  manila  cable  used  on  board  ship;  also  manu- 
facturing and  installing  shrouds,  stays,  lifts,  braces,  and  life  lines  and 
other  rigging  fitted  to  masts,  spars,  and  booms. 

Qualifications:  The  ship  rigger  must  be  able  to  work  to  drawings  and 
specifications  furnished  by  the  draftsman ;  must  be  able  to  lay  out  and 
cut  material.  He  should  be  able  to  sew  canvas  either  by  hand  or  on 
machine.  He  should  be  able  to  splice  manila  rope  and  wire  cable  and 
do  all  work  necessary  completely  to  rig  the  ship.  He  should  have  served 
in  a  ship  rigging  crew  long  enough  to  be  thoroughly  familiar  with  the 
required  work. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 

SAILMAKER  SENSE 

Kindred  Occupations:  Canvas  worker;  Tailor;  Tentmakor. 
Description:   The  duties  of  the  sailmaker  are  to  lay  out  and  make  com- 
plete sails  for  any  kind  of  water  craft. 


122  SHIPBUILDING 

duallfications:  He  iiiiist  be  u  lli()i(ni;,'hl.v  exiteiieiiced  siiiliimker,  capable 
of  incnsurliiK  for  or  InyiiiK  out  to  drawinKs  all  types  of  sails,  and  skilled 
ill  sewiiiK  by  liuiid  or  muclilne,  biiidluf,'  and  attaching  all  necessary  reefs, 
riiifjs,  and  ropes  required  for  the  rlKKluK  of  a  sail  on  a  ship.  He  must  be 
fMiiiiiiar  with  all  grades  and  \vol;jhts  of  canvas  and  duck,  capable  of 
piitclilii^'  and  rcpiilriiiK  sails  of  all  kinds  and  have  a  (general  knowledge  of 
shij)  rifiKln^i.  lie  must  linvc  liiid  similar  practical  experience  as  a  sail- 
maker  or  canvas  worker. 

SHIP  AND  BOAT  DRAFTSMAN— HULL  DRAFTSMAN  SECT 

Description;  The  ship  and  boat  draftsman  must  do  ship  drafting  in  con- 
nection witli  the  design  and  construction  of  hulls  for  large  boats  or  ships. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  an  experienced  draftsman  with  a  thorough 
knowledge  of  the  various  types  of  .ships,  including  the  principal  dimen- 
sion.s,  lines,  beam  members,  and  structural  details,  and  be  capable  of 
making  all  drawings,  such  as  horizontal  and  longitudinal  cross  sections, 
dock  plans,  ti-iinsvei'se,  bulkhead,  rigging  details,  cargo  boom  and  fittings, 
water-tight  doors,  stem,  stern  frame  and  rudder  arrangements  and  de- 
tails, and  air  ports.  He  must  have  had  experience  in  the  employ  of  ship- 
building designers,  contractors,  or  marine  architects,  and  should  have 
done  considerable  hull  drafting. 
Schooling:   Preferably  a  technical  graduate. 

SHIP  FITTER  SERF 

Description:  The  ship  fitter  follows  the  plate  and  frame  erectors  and  makes 
templates  and  layouts  for  special  forms  and  shapes  that  must  be  made 
directly  from  the  ship. 

ftualiflcations:  He  must  be  able  to  work  to  drawings,  make  wooden  tem- 
plates, and  make  or  direct  the  shaping  and  fitting  of  the  special  parts 
for  which  he  has  made  the  layout.  He  should  be  familiar  with  the  ordi- 
nary liand  carpentry  tools,  be  able  to  run  ordinary  woodworking  ma- 
c-liinery,  sucli  as  crosscut,  rip,  and  cut-off  saws,  planers,  joiners,  and 
band  saws.  He  must  be  thoroughly  familiar  with  developments  and  lay- 
outs. He  should  have  had  sufRcient  experience  in  a  ship-fitter's  crew  so 
that  he  can  do  independently  ordinary  ship-fitter's  work. 

Schooling:   Common  scliool. 

STEAM  FITTER,  MARINE  SELL 

Kindred  Occupations:   Pipe  fitter,  marine;  Plumber,  marine. 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  marine  steam  fitter  are  to  install  any  or 
all  portions  of  a  steam  pipe  system,  including  pump  connections,  boiler 
connections,  oil,  air,  and  radiator  connections,  working  under  the  direc- 
tion of  a  superintendent  or  foreman. 

Qualifications:  He  should  be  able  to  work  from  drawings  or  templates,  and 
should  be  able  to  make  his  own  templates.  He  should  have  a  thorough 
mastery  of  all  common  steam  fitting  tools  and  be  able  to  calculate  and 
cut  all  lengths  of  pipe  and  order  all  materials.  He  must  understand  the 
setting  and  placing  of  all  steam  valves.  The  marine  steam  fitter  must 
be  especially  skilled  in  bending  all  sizes  of  pipe.  He  should  have  had 
experience  equivalent  to  an  apprenticeship  under  a  journeyman  marine 
steam  fitter. 

Schooling :  Not  less  than  common  school ;  preferably  trade  school  or  tech- 
nical high  school. 


SHIPBUILDING  123 

TANK  TESTER  TEND 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  tank  tester  are  to  test  and  make  tanks  tight 

under  water  or  oil  pressure. 
Qualifications:  He  should  be  able  to  calk,  chip,  drill,  tap,' and  insert  pack- 
ing to  make  seams  water-tight. 

TEMPLATE  MAKER  TOWEL 

Description:  The  template  maker  is  a  man  working  in  a  large  shipbuilding 

loft  who  makes  templates  for  the  loftsman,  linesman,  or  ship  fitter, 
ftualifications:  He  must  be  skilled  in  the  use  of  the  ordinary  hand  carpentry 
tools  and  in  the  ordinary  power  woodworking  machinery,  such  as  cross- 
cut, rip,  and  cut-off  saws,  planers,  joiners,  and  band  saws. 

o 


I 

0 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA   LIKRARV 

Los  Aiigflts 
This  Itook  is  DIT.  oil  the  lust  date  staiiipi-d  helow. 


J  UN  2  0 1980 


11 


NOV    6  1987 


24139 


LOS  ANGELKS 


,111  IH 

i  \ 158  00562  4720 


UC SOUTHERN  RfGl0^iL  115040.  ri-j^.p^ 


AA    001  109  164 


mm 


